The period starting from 13th to 17th century was a phase of transition in the history of India, it is popularly known as Medieval Period of Indian History, Here we are with account of some of Important Muslim Emperors of India.

Razia Sultan (1236-1240)

Razia was the only woman ever crowned in the Delhi Sultanate. Although she made important reforms in government, she was ultimately unable to reconcile her Muslim nobility to her ruling as a woman.

Jalauddin Khilji (1296-1316)

He founded Khilji dynasty. He followed mild and generous policy. This generous policy of Sultan affected his foreign policy. He expanded the boundaries of his empire besides his achievements include suppression of the revolt of Malik Chhaju.

Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)

He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics. He annexed Gujarat, Ranthambhor, Mewar, Jalor. The most important experiment undertaken by the Alauddin was the attempt to control the markets. He sought to control the prices of all the commodities, from food grains to horse, and from cattle and slaves to costly imported clothes.

Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1488)

He was one of the Afghan Sardars who established himself in Punjab after invasion of Timur. He founded the Lodhi dynasty by usurping the throne from the last of the Sayyid rulers. He was a kind and generous ruler and was always prepared for his subjects. Although he was himself illiterate, he extended his patronage to art and learning.

Sikander Lodhi (1489-1517)

Sikander Lodhi, the son of Bahlol Lodhi, succeded to the throne after him. He took interest in the development of agriculture. He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandar of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.

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Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526)

He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi and the last king and Last Sultan of Delhi. The Afghan nobility was brave and freedom loving people but because of its fissiparous and individualistic tendencies the Afghan monarchy was weekend. At last, the governor of Punjab invited Babur to overthrow the reign of  Ibrahim Lodhi.  Babur accepted the offer and inflicated a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.

Babur (1526-1530)

He was the Uzbek warrior who laid the foundation of the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal Muslim Emperors. Failure to recover his father’s land caused him to turn reluctantly to South-East. After defeating Ibrahim Lodhi with the support of Punjab’s governor he turned his attention to the Rajput confederacy and defeated Mewar ruler Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa. This victory secured his position in the Agra region.

More You Need to Know: About BABUR (1526-30)

Humayun (1530-1536)

After Babur’s death his son and successor Humayun ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire. Immediately after his accession, Humayun was confronted with a number of enemies such as Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and Sher Khan. Humayun’s early expedition was against Kalinjar, Jaunpur and Chunar.

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Akbar (1556-1605)

The third and the greatest ruler of the Mughal Dynasty, he succeeded Humayun at a very tender  age. His empire included nearly all the Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari river and he consolidated the same using marriage alliances and diplomacy. Akbar is known to have been a liberal ruler who believed in cultural integration. He founded a new religion termed Din-e-Ilahi.

Read More: AKBAR (1556-1603)

Jehangir (1605-1627)

He was the fourth Mughal muslim Emperors of India. The most distinguished achievement of Jehangir was his victory over Mewar. He was known as a patron of art and for his grenuine sense of justice. He captured the last great Rajput fortress of Rajasthan, and two years later he took over half the kingdom of Ahmadnagar. He granted trade concessions to the British in return for their naval support against the Portuguese.

Shah Jahan (1627-1658)

Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal muslim Emperors of India. The period of his reign was considered the golden age of Mughal architecture. After he became emperor, he exhibited modernization as a rule. During his reign the empire reached its zenith in prosperity and luxury.

Read More: SHAHJAHAN (1628-1659)

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

He ruled for almost 50 years. His empire stretched from Kashmir in the north to Jinji in the South, and from Hindukush in the west to Chittagong in the east. His direct attention was concentrated on the affairs of North India.

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It is really amazing to see the various changes that our India’s National Flag went through since its first inception. It was discovered or recognised during our national struggle for freedom. The evolution of the India’s National Flag sailed through many vicissitudes to arrive at what it is today.

Some of the historical milestones in the evolution of India’s National Flag involve the following:

1906 – First Flag

• Also called Calcutta Flag or Lotus Flag
• The India’s National Flag was first hoisted on 7 August 1906 at Parsee Bagan Square in Calcutta.
• This India’s National Flag was composed of three colors – Green, Yellow and Red with the word – Vande Matram inscribed in center.
• The red strip at the top had eight white lotuses embossed on it in a row. On the yellow strip, the words Vande Mataram were inscribed in deep blue in Devanagari characters. The green strip had a white sun on the left and a white crescent and star on the right.

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1907 – Second Flag

• In 1907, the second form of India’s National Flag was hoisted in Paris by Madam Cama and her group of revolutionaries.
• Except for a few changes, the India’s National Flag was similar to the first one.
• This flag was also exhibited at a socialist conference in Berlin.

1917 – Third Flag

• The third India’s National Flag went up in 1917 when our political struggle had taken a definite turn. Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak hoisted it during the Home rule movement.
• This was the most colorful version of the Indian flag.
• This flag had five red and four green horizontal strips arranged alternately, with seven stars in the saptarishi configuration super-imposed on them. In the left-hand top corner (the pole end) was the Union Jack. There was also a white crescent and star in one corner.
• The presence of the Union Jack, however, made the flag generally unacceptable.

1921 – Fourth Flag

• During the session of the All India Congress Committee which met at Bezwada in 1921 (now Vijayawada,) an Andhra youth prepared a India’s National Flag and took it to Gandhiji.
• The red and green color in the flag represents two communities – Hindus and Muslims. As per Gandhiji’s suggestion, a white strip was included which indicated other religions and communities and a spinning wheel which portrays the progress of India.
• This was the India’s National Flag approved by Gandhi in 1921.
• This flag was not formally adopted by the Indian National Congress, but nevertheless widely used.

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1931 – Fifth Flag

• The year 1931 was a landmark in the history of the flag. A resolution was passed adopting a tricolor flag as India’s national flag.
• The three colors include saffron, white and green with Mahatma Gandhi’s spinning wheel or charkha in the center.

Flag of August 15, 1947 – The present flag of India

• India’s National Flag, which was born on July 22, 1947, with Nehruji’s words, “Now I present to you not only the Resolution but the Flag itself”.
• India’s National flag was first hoisted at the Council House on August 15, 1947
•  In the national flag of India, the top band is of Saffron color, indicating the strength and courage of the country. The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The last band is green in color shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.
• This Dharma Chakra depicted the “wheel of the law” in the Sarnath Lion Capital made by the 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. The chakra intends to show that there is life in movement and death in stagnation.

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India’s National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of deep saffron, white and green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term “tricolour” almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.

The India’s National Flag, by law, is to be made of khadi, a special type of hand-spun cloth of cotton, or silk made popular by Mahatma Gandhi. The manufacturing process and specifications for the India’s National Flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards.

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The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. This era bridged the time between the Middle Ages and modern times. The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.

Coming out of the Dark

The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Roman Empire. Much of the advances in science, art, and government that had been made by the Greeks and Romans were lost during this time. Part of the Middle Ages is actually called the Dark Ages because so much of what was learned earlier was lost.

The Renaissance was a time of “coming out of the dark”. It was a rebirth of education, science, art, literature, music, and a better life for people in general.

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A Cultural Movement

A big part of the Renaissance was a cultural movement called humanism. Humanism was a philosophy that all people should strive to be educated and learned in the classical arts, literature, and science. It looked for realism and human emotion in art. It also said that it was okay for people to pursue comfort, riches, and beauty.

Humanism

One of the big changes in the Renaissance was in the basic way people thought about things. In the Middle Ages, people thought that life was supposed to be hard. They grew up thinking that life was nothing but hard work and war.

However, around the 1300s, the people in Florence, Italy began to think differently about life. They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations had lived differently.

This new way of thinking was called Humanism. Now people thought that life could be enjoyable and they could have comforts. They started to think that people should be educated and that things like art, music and science could make life better for everyone. This was a real change in the way people thought.

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It began in Italy

The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy and spread to other city-states in Italy. Part of the reason it began in Italy was because of the history of Rome and the Roman Empire. Another reason it began in Italy was because Italy had become very wealthy and the wealthy were willing to spend their money supporting artists and geniuses.

City-states played a big role in the rule of Italy at the time. They were often ruled by a powerful family. Some important city-states included Florence, Milan, Venice, and Ferrara.

The Renaissance Man

The term Renaissance Man refers to a person that is an expert and talented in many areas. The true geniuses of the Renaissance were great examples of this. Leonardo da Vinci was a master painter, sculptor, scientist, inventor, architect, engineer, and writer. Michelangelo was also a superb painter, sculptor, and architect.

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Facts about the Renaissance

• One of the most popular Greek philosophers was Plato. Many men studied Plato’s writings at the Academy in Florence.
• Venice was famous for its glass work, while Milan was famous for its iron smiths.
• Francis I, King of France, was a patron of the arts and helped Renaissance art spread from Italy to France.
• Artists were initially thought of as craftsmen. They worked in workshops and belonged to a guild.
• Two of the biggest changes to art from the Middle Ages were the concepts of proportion and perspective.
• Michelangelo and Leonardo became rivals when Michelangelo mocked da Vinci for not finishing a statue of a horse.
• Hunting was a popular form of entertainment for the wealthy.
• Artists and architects would often compete for a job, or commission, to create a piece of art.

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Middle East Countries