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Data Warehousing Concepts in SQL: Understanding Star and Snowflake Schemas

Table of Contents Introduction What Is a Data Warehouse? OLTP vs OLAP: The Need for Warehousing Key Components of a Data Warehouse What Is Dimensional Modeling? Facts and Dimensions Explained The...

SQL for Data Engineering: ETL Concepts and Building Scalable Data Pipelines

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Data Engineering and Why SQL Matters Understanding ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) SQL’s Role in Each ETL Stage Data Sources: Raw Data Ingestion with...

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Error Handling in SQL: Managing Exceptions and Ensuring Reliable Transactions

Table of Contents Introduction Why Error Handling Matters in SQL Types of Errors in SQL Syntax Errors vs Runtime Errors Understanding Transaction Errors Rollbacks for Safe Error Recovery Error Handling in...

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Stored Procedures and Functions in SQL: Encapsulating Logic for Reuse and Automation

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Stored Procedures and Functions? Benefits of Using Stored Routines Stored Procedures vs Functions: Key Differences Syntax for Creating Stored Procedures Executing a Stored Procedure Parameters...

Triggers in SQL: Automating Database Behavior

Table of Contents Introduction What Is a Trigger in SQL? Why Use Triggers? Types of Triggers Syntax of a Trigger BEFORE vs AFTER Triggers INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE Triggers Trigger Events: Row-Level...

Using Constraints in SQL: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK, and DEFAULT

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Constraints in SQL? Why Use Constraints? NOT NULL Constraint UNIQUE Constraint CHECK Constraint DEFAULT Constraint Combining Multiple Constraints Adding Constraints to Existing Tables Dropping Constraints Naming Constraints for Clarity Column-Level...

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LEFT JOIN vs RIGHT JOIN in SQL — A Detailed Comparison with Examples

Table of Contents Introduction What are SQL Joins? Overview of LEFT JOIN Overview of RIGHT JOIN LEFT JOIN Syntax RIGHT JOIN Syntax Understanding Table Positioning Visualizing LEFT vs RIGHT JOIN Practical Use Case:...

INNER JOIN in SQL Explained with Examples

Table of Contents Introduction What is an INNER JOIN? Syntax of INNER JOIN How INNER JOIN Works INNER JOIN with Real Tables INNER JOIN with Aliases Filtering with INNER JOIN INNER JOIN...

Understanding Joins in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a Join in SQL? Why Do We Use Joins? Types of Joins in SQL INNER JOIN Explained LEFT JOIN Explained RIGHT JOIN Explained FULL OUTER JOIN...

Basic Subqueries and Their Use Cases in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a Subquery? Types of Subqueries Why Use Subqueries? Syntax of a Subquery Subqueries in SELECT Clause Subqueries in FROM Clause Subqueries in WHERE Clause Single-Row vs Multi-Row...

Using the IN, BETWEEN, and LIKE Operators in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction Why Use Conditional Operators? The Role of IN, BETWEEN, and LIKE Basic Syntax Recap The IN Operator IN with Numbers IN with Strings IN with Subqueries NOT IN Clause Performance...

Using the IN, BETWEEN, and LIKE Operators in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction Why Use Conditional Operators? The Role of IN, BETWEEN, and LIKE Basic Syntax Recap The IN Operator IN with Numbers IN with Strings IN with Subqueries NOT IN Clause Performance...

Aliasing Columns and Tables in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is an Alias in SQL? Why Use Aliases? Syntax of Aliases in SQL Column Aliases with AS Column Aliases Without AS Table Aliases with AS Table Aliases...

Filtering Groups with HAVING in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is the HAVING Clause? Difference Between WHERE and HAVING Why Use HAVING? Basic Syntax of HAVING Simple Example with HAVING Using HAVING with COUNT() Filtering on SUM()...

Grouping Data with GROUP BY in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is GROUP BY in SQL? Basic Syntax of GROUP BY When to Use GROUP BY Simple GROUP BY Example Grouping by One Column Grouping by Multiple...

Aggregate Functions in SQL: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX

Table of Contents Introduction What are Aggregate Functions? Syntax of Aggregate Functions Using COUNT() to Count Records Counting Non-NULL vs All Rows Using SUM() for Totaling Values Applying SUM() with Filters Using...

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Introduction What is NULL in SQL? NULL vs Zero vs Empty String Why NULL Exists in Databases Checking for NULL: IS NULL and IS NOT NULL Using NULL in...

Using LIMIT and OFFSET in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is the LIMIT Clause? Syntax of LIMIT Why Use LIMIT? Basic Example of LIMIT What is the OFFSET Clause? Syntax of LIMIT with OFFSET Practical Pagination with...