Quantum 101

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Superconducting Qubits? Physical Principles of Superconductivity Josephson Junctions and Their Role Types of Superconducting Qubits Charge Qubits Flux Qubits Phase Qubits Transmon Qubits Xmon and gmon Variants Energy Level...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Quantum Hardware? Key Requirements for Quantum Hardware Types of Qubits Superconducting Qubits Trapped Ion Qubits Photonic Qubits Spin Qubits (Silicon, Diamond NV Centers) Topological Qubits Comparison of Qubit...

Table of Contents Introduction Importance of Random Numbers in Cryptography Classical vs Quantum Randomness Physical Basis for Quantum Randomness Quantum Phenomena Used in QRNG Sources of Entropy in Quantum Systems Optical...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography? Quantum Threat to Classical Cryptography Shor’s and Grover’s Algorithms Timeline of Cryptographic Vulnerability Goals of Post-Quantum Cryptography Differences Between PQC and Quantum Cryptography Criteria...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Bit Commitment? Importance in Cryptography Classical Bit Commitment Quantum Approach to Bit Commitment Hiding and Binding Properties Quantum Mechanics and Bit Commitment Early Quantum Bit Commitment...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Coin Flipping in Cryptography? Classical vs Quantum Coin Flipping Applications of Coin Flipping Protocols Types of Quantum Coin Flipping Weak vs Strong Coin Flipping Protocol...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is QKD Security? Security Paradigm Shift: Classical vs Quantum Physical Principles Behind QKD Security Security from the No-Cloning Theorem Measurement Disturbance Principle Eavesdropping Detection in QKD Quantum...

Table of Contents Introduction Historical Context Core Concepts Behind E91 E91 vs BB84 Entanglement in E91 Bell’s Theorem and Non-Locality Step-by-Step E91 Protocol The Role of Bell Inequalities The CHSH Inequality Security Mechanism in...

Table of Contents Introduction Historical Context and Significance Basic Idea Behind BB84 Classical vs Quantum Key Distribution Qubit Encoding in BB84 Polarization Bases Used Step-by-Step Procedure Basis Reconciliation Sifting Process Error Rate Estimation Eavesdropping Detection Privacy...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Quantum Cryptography? Classical Cryptography: A Brief Recap Quantum vs Classical Security Core Principles Behind Quantum Cryptography Quantum Superposition and Measurement The Role of Entanglement Heisenberg Uncertainty...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Quantum Cloning? The No-Cloning Theorem Historical Background Why Is Cloning Important in Classical Computing? Classical vs Quantum Information Duplication Statement of the No-Cloning Theorem Mathematical Proof...

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Quantum State Discrimination? Classical vs Quantum State Distinction Motivation and Applications Non-Orthogonal Quantum States Quantum Measurements and POVMs Types of Quantum State Discrimination Minimum Error Discrimination Unambiguous...