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Quantum Support Vector Machines: Leveraging Quantum Kernels for Pattern Classification

Table of Contents Introduction Classical Support Vector Machines (SVMs) Motivation for Quantum SVMs Quantum Kernels in SVMs Quantum Feature Mapping Quantum Kernel Matrix Estimation SVM Decision Function with Quantum Kernels Training Quantum...

Variational Quantum Classifiers: A Hybrid Approach to Quantum Machine Learning

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQCs)? Why Use Variational Circuits for Classification? Key Components of a VQC Quantum Data Encoding Ansatz Design for Classification Measurement and Output...

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Software Licensing in Quantum Ecosystems: Navigating Open-Source and Commercial Collaboration

Table of Contents Introduction Importance of Licensing in Quantum Software Common Open-Source Licenses in Quantum Projects MIT License: Simplicity and Freedom Apache 2.0: Modern, Enterprise-Friendly Licensing BSD 3-Clause and 2-Clause...

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Documentation and Community Guidelines: Building Inclusive and Usable Quantum Projects

Table of Contents Introduction Why Documentation Matters in Quantum Software Types of Documentation in Quantum Projects Getting Started Guides and Quickstarts API Documentation and Autogenerated References Tutorials and Example Notebooks Inline...

Quantum Code Reviews: Ensuring Quality and Reliability in Quantum Software Development

Table of Contents Introduction Why Code Reviews Are Crucial in Quantum Computing Unique Aspects of Reviewing Quantum Code Setting Up a Review Process for Quantum Teams Reviewer Responsibilities and...

Real-Time Quantum Experiments with Qiskit Runtime: Accelerating Hybrid Workflows on IBM QPUs

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Qiskit Runtime? Benefits of Qiskit Runtime for Real-Time Experiments Architectural Overview Supported Quantum Algorithms and Use Cases Runtime Programs: Prebuilt and Custom Setting Up Access...

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Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser: Retrocausality and Quantum Information

Table of Contents Introduction Double-Slit Experiment and Quantum Interference Complementarity and Which-Path Information Wheeler’s Delayed Choice Experiment Concept of the Quantum Eraser Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser: The Core Idea The Scully–Drühl...

Bell Test Experiments: Probing the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Table of Contents Introduction The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) Paradox Local Realism and Hidden Variable Theories Bell’s Theorem: No Local Hidden Variables Bell Inequalities: CHSH and Others Quantum Predictions vs Classical Bounds Experimental...

Quantum Process Tomography: Characterizing Quantum Operations

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Quantum Process Tomography (QPT)? Motivation and Applications Quantum Operations and Quantum Channels Kraus Representation and Superoperators The Choi–Jamiołkowski Isomorphism Process Matrix (Chi Matrix) Representation Steps in...

Integration of Qubits and Classical Systems: Bridging Quantum and Classical Worlds

Table of Contents Introduction Motivation for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Integration Physical Layers of Integration Qubit Control Electronics Classical Measurement and Readout Chains FPGA-Based Quantum Control Cryogenic CMOS for Quantum Systems Real-Time Feedback and...

Hybrid Quantum Systems: Bridging Platforms for Advanced Quantum Technologies

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Hybrid Quantum Systems? Motivation and Advantages Types of Hybrid Couplings Superconducting Circuits and Spins Cavity QED with Solid-State Qubits Mechanical Resonators and Phonons Optomechanics as a...

Quantum Simulation with Cold Atoms: Emulating Quantum Matter

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Quantum Simulation? Cold Atoms as Quantum Simulators Optical Lattices and Periodic Potentials Bose–Hubbard and Fermi–Hubbard Models Tunability and Control in Ultracold Systems Quantum Phase Transitions Simulating...

Quantum Gases: Ultracold Matter in the Quantum Regime

Table of Contents Introduction Classical vs Quantum Gases Quantum Statistics: Bosons and Fermions Thermal De Broglie Wavelength Conditions for Quantum Degeneracy Bose–Einstein Condensates (BEC) Degenerate Fermi Gases (DFG) Distinct Properties of Bosonic...

Feshbach Resonance and Interactions in Ultracold Quantum Gases

Table of Contents Introduction Overview of Ultracold Atomic Interactions Scattering Length and Low-Energy Collisions Magnetic Tuning of Interactions Feshbach Resonance: Basic Principle Open and Closed Channels Resonance Width and Strength Effective Scattering...

Bose–Einstein Condensation: Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena

Table of Contents Introduction Historical Background and Prediction Bose–Einstein Statistics Conditions for Condensation Ideal Bose Gas and Critical Temperature Experimental Realization of BEC Laser Cooling and Evaporative Cooling Trapping Potentials and Harmonic...

Rydberg Atom Arrays: Programmable Quantum Matter with Strong Interactions

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Rydberg Atoms? Properties of Rydberg States Dipole-Dipole and van der Waals Interactions Rydberg Blockade Effect Laser Excitation and Rabi Oscillations Optical Traps and Tweezer Arrays Assembling...

Cold Atoms and Optical Lattices: Simulating Quantum Matter

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Cold Atoms? Laser Cooling Techniques Magneto-Optical Traps (MOTs) Evaporative Cooling and Quantum Degeneracy Optical Dipole Traps and Potentials Optical Lattices: Formation and Properties Atom-Photon Interaction in...

Circuit QED and Cavity QED: Light-Matter Interaction Across Scales

Table of Contents Introduction Fundamentals of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (Cavity QED) Jaynes-Cummings Model and Quantum Rabi Oscillations Strong and Ultra-Strong Coupling Regimes Atom-Cavity Systems in Cavity QED Experimental Realizations of...