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Data Warehousing Concepts in SQL: Understanding Star and Snowflake Schemas

Table of Contents Introduction What Is a Data Warehouse? OLTP vs OLAP: The Need for Warehousing Key Components of a Data Warehouse What Is Dimensional Modeling? Facts and Dimensions Explained The...

SQL for Data Engineering: ETL Concepts and Building Scalable Data Pipelines

Table of Contents Introduction What Is Data Engineering and Why SQL Matters Understanding ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) SQL’s Role in Each ETL Stage Data Sources: Raw Data Ingestion with...

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Error Handling in SQL: Managing Exceptions and Ensuring Reliable Transactions

Table of Contents Introduction Why Error Handling Matters in SQL Types of Errors in SQL Syntax Errors vs Runtime Errors Understanding Transaction Errors Rollbacks for Safe Error Recovery Error Handling in...

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Stored Procedures and Functions in SQL: Encapsulating Logic for Reuse and Automation

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Stored Procedures and Functions? Benefits of Using Stored Routines Stored Procedures vs Functions: Key Differences Syntax for Creating Stored Procedures Executing a Stored Procedure Parameters...

Triggers in SQL: Automating Database Behavior

Table of Contents Introduction What Is a Trigger in SQL? Why Use Triggers? Types of Triggers Syntax of a Trigger BEFORE vs AFTER Triggers INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE Triggers Trigger Events: Row-Level...

Using Constraints in SQL: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK, and DEFAULT

Table of Contents Introduction What Are Constraints in SQL? Why Use Constraints? NOT NULL Constraint UNIQUE Constraint CHECK Constraint DEFAULT Constraint Combining Multiple Constraints Adding Constraints to Existing Tables Dropping Constraints Naming Constraints for Clarity Column-Level...

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Using DISTINCT to Remove Duplicates in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is the DISTINCT Keyword? Why and When to Use DISTINCT Syntax of DISTINCT How DISTINCT Works Internally DISTINCT on a Single Column DISTINCT on Multiple Columns DISTINCT...

Mathematical Functions in SQL: ROUND(), CEIL(), FLOOR(), MOD() and More

Table of Contents Introduction Why Mathematical Functions Matter in SQL Overview of Common SQL Math Functions ROUND() – Round Numbers CEIL() or CEILING() – Round Up FLOOR() – Round Down MOD()...

Date & Time Functions in SQL: NOW(), DATEDIFF(), EXTRACT() and More

Table of Contents Introduction Importance of Date and Time Functions Common Use Cases NOW() – Get Current Date and Time CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_TIME DATEDIFF() – Difference Between Dates TIMESTAMPDIFF() in MySQL EXTRACT()...

String Functions in SQL: CONCAT, LENGTH, REPLACE and More

Table of Contents Introduction Why String Functions Matter Overview of SQL String Functions CONCAT() – Combine Strings LENGTH() – Get String Length CHAR_LENGTH() vs LENGTH() REPLACE() – Substitute Substrings UPPER() and LOWER()...

Conditional Logic with CASE Statements in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a CASE Statement? Syntax of CASE Statement Simple CASE vs Searched CASE Using CASE in SELECT Using CASE in ORDER BY Using CASE in WHERE Nested...

Nested Subqueries and Derived Tables in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a Nested Subquery? What is a Derived Table? Key Differences Between Nested Subqueries and Derived Tables When to Use Nested Subqueries When to Use...

Subqueries vs Joins: When to Use Each in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a Subquery? What is a Join? Syntax Comparison: Subquery vs Join When to Use Subqueries When to Use Joins Types of Subqueries Types of Joins Performance Considerations Readability...

Combining Results with UNION and UNION ALL in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is UNION in SQL? When to Use UNION Basic Syntax of UNION What is UNION ALL? Difference Between UNION and UNION ALL Requirements for Using UNION Matching...

Creating Relationships with Foreign Keys in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a Foreign Key? Importance of Foreign Keys Primary Key vs Foreign Key Syntax for Declaring a Foreign Key Creating Foreign Keys During Table Creation Adding...

Using Self-Joins in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction What is a Self-Join? When Do You Use a Self-Join? Basic Syntax of a Self-Join Real-World Example: Employees and Managers Using Table Aliases in Self-Joins Self-Join with...

Joining More Than Two Tables in SQL

Table of Contents Introduction Can We Join Multiple Tables in SQL? Why You Might Need Multi-Table Joins Basic Syntax for Joining Three Tables INNER JOIN Across Three Tables LEFT JOIN...

FULL OUTER JOIN and CROSS JOIN in SQL — Concepts and Use Cases

Table of Contents Introduction What is a FULL OUTER JOIN? Syntax of FULL OUTER JOIN When to Use FULL OUTER JOIN FULL OUTER JOIN Example Filtering with FULL OUTER JOIN Handling...