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Civil Services of India

By
Syskool
-
8
Civil Services IAS Preparation

Civil Services is the backbone of the administrative machinery of India. It is referred as permanent bureaucracy.

Values

A member of the civil service in the discharge of his/her functions is to be guided by maintaining absolute integrity, allegiance to the constitution and the law of the nation, patriotism, national pride, devotion to duty, honesty, impartiality, and transparency.

Codes

The Government of India promotes values and a certain standard of ethics of requiring and facilitating every civil servant:
1. To discharge official duty with responsibility, honesty, accountability and without discrimination.
2. To ensure effective management, leadership development, and personal growth.
3. To avoid misuse of official position or information.
4. To serve as instruments of good governance and foster social economic development.

Classification

The Civil Services of India can be classified into two types – the All India Services and the Central Civil Services (Group A and B). The recruits are university graduates (or above) selected through a rigorous system of examinations, called the Civil Services Examination (CSE) conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

All India Civil Services (AIS)

All appointments to All India Civil Services are made by the President of India.
  •  Indian Administrative Service
  • Indian Forest Service
  • Indian Police Service

Central Civil Services (CCS)

 The Central Civil Services are concerned with the administration of the Union Government.
 
Group A
All appointments to Civil Services, Group A are made by the President of India.
 1. Indian Foreign Service, Group A
2. Central Secretariat Service, Group A (Selection Grade and Grade I officers only)
3. Indian Revenue Service, Group A
4.Indian Economic Service, Group A
5.Indian Audits and Accounts Service, Group A
6.Indian Postal Service, Group AIndian Defense Accounts Service, Group A
7. Indian Defense Accounts Service, Group A
8. Indian Defence Estates Service, Group A
9. Indian Statistical Service, Group A
10. Indian Telecommunication Service, Group A
11. Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts and Finance Service, Group A
12. Indian Cost Accounts Service, Group A
13. Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group A
14. Indian Meteorological Service, Group A
15. Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group A
16. Indian Salt Service, Group A
17. Indian Frontier Administrative Service, Group A
18. Indian Information Service, Group A
19. Indian Supply Service, Group A
20. Indian Engineering Service, Group A
21. Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group A
22. Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group A
23. Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group A
24. Central Engineering (Electrical and Mechanical) Service, Group A
25. Central Water Engineering Service, Group A
26. Central Power Engineering Service, Group A
27. Central Engineering Service (Roads), Group A
28. Central Health Service, Group A
29. Central Revenues Chemical Service, Group A
30. Indian Trade Service, Group A
31. Central Legal Service (Grades I, II, III, and IV only)
32. Indian Archaeological Service, Group A
33. Geological Survey of India, Group A
34. Zoological Survey of India, Group A
35. Botanical Survey of India, Group A
36. General Central Service, Group A
37. Mercantile Marine Training Ship Service, Group A
38. Directorate General of Mines Safety, Group A
39. Overseas Communications Service, Group A
40. Survey of India, Group A
41. Railway Inspectorate Service, Group A
42. Telegraph Traffic Service, Group A
43. Company Law Board Service, Group A
44. Labour Officers of the Central Pool, Group A
45.Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services,
Group B
All appointments to Group B are made by the authorities specified by a general or special order of the President.
1. Indian Foreign Service, Group ‘B’ – (General Cadre, Grade I and General Cadre, Grade II only)
2. Central Secretariat Service, Group ‘B’ (Section and Assistants’ Grade officers only)
3. Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts and Finance Service, Group ‘B’ Telecommunication Wing.
4. Indian Posts & Telegraphs Accounts & Finance Service, Postal Wing, Group ‘B’
5. Indian Salt Service, Group ‘B’
6. India Meteorological Service, Group ‘B’
7. Central Secretariat Official Language Service, Group ‘B’
8. Central Secretariat Stenographers’ Service, (Grade I, Grade II and Selection Grade officers only)
9. Central Health Service, Group ‘B’
10. Income Tax Service, Group ‘B’
11. Botanical Survey of India, Group ‘B’.
12. Geological Survey of India, Group ‘B’.
13. Geological Survey of India, Group ‘B’.
14. Survey of India, Group ‘B’.
15. Zoological Survey of India, Group ‘B’.
16. Central Electrical Engineering Service, Group ‘B’.
17. Central Engineering Service, Group ‘B’.
18. Central Power Engineering Service, Group ‘B’
19. Postal Superintendents’ Service, Group ‘B’
20. Postmasters’ Service, Group ‘B’
21. Telecommunication Engineering Service, Group ‘B’
22. Telegraphs Traffic Service, Group ‘B
23. Central Excise Service, Group ‘B’
24. Customs Appraisers Service, Group ‘B’- (Principal Appraisers and Head Appraisers)
25. Customs Preventive Service, Group ‘B’ – (Chief Inspectors)
26. Defence Secretariat Service
27. Union Territories Administrative Service
28. Union Territories Police Service

State Civil Services (SCS/PCS)

The State Civil Services (also known as Provincial Civil Services) examinations and recruitments are conducted by the individual states of India. The state civil services deal with subjects such as land revenue, agriculture, forests, education etc. The officers of the state civil services are recruited by different States through the State Public Service Commissions. The categories of services to which candidates are selected through the state civil services (SCS) examination are as under:
 1. State Civil Services, Class-I (SCS)
2. State Police Service, Class-I (SPS).
3. State Forest Service, Class-I (SFS).
4. Block Development Officer.
5. Tehsildar/Talukdar/Assistant Collector.
6. Excise and Taxation Officer.
7. District Employment Officer.
8. District Treasury Officer.
9. District Welfare Officer.
10. Assistant Registrar Cooperative Societies.
11. District Food and Supplies Controller/Officer.
12. Any other Class-I/Class-II service notified as per rules by the concerned State.

Employment by Agency

 Federal Government executive branch civilian employment:
1. Ministry of Defence
2. Ministry of Finance
3. Ministry of External Affairs
4. Ministry of Home Affairs
5. Ministry of Agriculture
6. Ministry of Tribal Affairs
7. Ministry of Panchayati Raj
8. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
9. Ministry of Science and Technology
10. Ministry of Earth Sciences
11. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
12. Ministry of Power
13. Ministry of Corporate Affairs
14. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
15. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
16. Ministry of Urban Development
17. Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs
18. Ministry of Civil Aviation
19. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
20. Ministry of Urban Development
21. Ministry of Human Resource Development
22. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
23. Ministry of Law and Justice
24. Ministry of Minority Affairs
25. Ministry of Labour and Employment
26. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
27. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
28. Ministry of Textiles
29. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
30. Ministry of Culture
31. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
32. Ministry of Tourism
33. Ministry of Steel
34. Ministry of Shipping
35. Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
36. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
37. Ministry of Railways
38. Ministry of Rural Development
39. Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
40. Ministry of Coal
41. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
42. Ministry of Mines
43. Ministry of Women and Child Development
44. Ministry of Environment and Forests
45. Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
46. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
47. Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
48. Ministry of Food Processing Industries
49. Ministry of Civil Aviation
50. Ministry of Culture
51. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
52. Ministry of Minority Affairs
53. Ministry of Water Resources
54. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
55. Independent agencies

Main article: List of Indian agencies

  1. Reserve Bank of India
  2. Securities and Exchange Board of India
  3. Department of Space
  4. Department of Atomic Energy
  5. Planning Commission
  6. Directorate General of Economic Enforcement
  7. Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation
  8. Directorate of Income Tax Intelligence and Criminal Investigation
  9. Directorate General of Anti-Evasion
  10. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
  11. National Advisory Council
  12. Central Bureau of Investigation
  13. Intelligence Bureau
  14. Central Vigilance Commission
  15. National Security Guards

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Supreme Court on the Uttrakhand’s Constitutional Crisis

Civil Services Exam Topper Rukmani Riar IAS, AIR  

Reorganisation of States in India

By
Syskool
-
2

After independence, the demand for the reorganisation of states on linguistic basis was raised from different regions. The Constitution Assembly appointed S. K. Dhar Commission in Nov. 1947 to study the issue of reorganisation of States on linguistic basis. The commission in its report , submitted in 1948, recommended against the organisation of states purely on the basis. Instead, the commission suggested the following criteria along with language-

  1. Geographical contiguity
  2. Financial self-reliance
  3. Administrative viability
  4. Potential for development

The Congress, in its Jaipur session in 1948, appointed a three-member committee to consider the recommendations of Dhar Commission. The Committee is popularly known as JVP Committee after the name of its three members – Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitarammaiah. The committee rejected language as the basis of reorganisation of states. It suggested that the security, unity, and economic prosperity of the nation as the criteria of reorganisation. The Congress Working Committee accepted its recommendation in 1949, but the demand for the linguistic reorganisation of States persisted in southern states particularly in Telugu speaking areas. As the agitation took a violent turn in Telugu speaking area, the Congress conceded the reorganisation of Telugu speaking area in the State of Andhra Pradesh in 1953.
To make an exhaustive study of the problem, the Government of India set-up State Reorganisation Commission in 1953 which was headed by Fazal Ali. The other members of the commission were Hriday Nath Kunzru and K M Panikkar. The commission, in its report submitted in 1955, accepted the language as the basis of reorganisation of the States. It suggested the reorganisation of 27 states of various categories into 16 states and 3 union territories. The State Reorganisation Act, 1956 was passed by parliament to give effect to the recommendations of the commission.

Read Also:

Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)

Election Commission of India (ECI)

Ranganath Commission

By
Syskool
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0
Ranganath Commission

Recently during assembly election in Uttar Pradesh, few political parties were talking about recommendations of Ranganath Commission during campaigns. Let’s have a brief overview of the recommendations of Ranganath Commission. Long ago I had received following note in my mailbox from a friend.
Government-appointed National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities commission under the Rangnath Mishra has recommended 10 per cent reservation for Muslims and 5 per cent for other minorities in government jobs and favored Scheduled Caste status for Dalits in all religions. Of India’s 1.2 billion population, Muslims are the largest minority at 14 percent followed by Christians at 2.3 percent, Sikhs at 1.9 percent, Buddhists at 0.8 percent, Jains at 0.4 percent and others including Parsis at 0.6 percent.

Also Read: National Human Rights Commission

Ranganath Commission Recommendations:

1. To delink SC status from religion and abrogation of the 1950 Scheduled Caste Order, which “still excludes Muslims, Christians, Jains and Parsis from the SC net. The order originally restricted the SC status to Hindus only but it was later opened to Buddhists and Sikhs.

2. 10 per cent should be reserved for Muslims and 5 per cent for other minorities in central and state government jobs in all cadre and grades.

3. It added that in the case of nonavailability of Muslims to fill the 10 per cent earmarked seats, these may be made available to other minorities but in “no case” shall any seat within the recommended 15 per cent be given to anybody from the majority community.

4. The minorities especially the Muslims are very much under-represented and sometimes wholly unrepresented in government jobs.

Don’t Miss: State Information Commission

To address under-representation of minorities — particularly Muslims — in government employment, the Commission has recommended that 15 percent of posts in all cadres and grades under the Central and State governments should be earmarked for minorities. Again, 10 per cent of this should go to Muslims and in the case of nonavailability of candidates from this community, the remaining vacancies may be given to other minority groups.

In defining religious minorities, the Commission went beyond the scope of the definition used by the National Commission for Minorities.
According to the report, it should include all religious minorities — large or small — including the Hindus in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep and the States of Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Punjab.

Also Read: 

The Election Commission of India

Central Vigilance Commission CVC

Important Amendments of the Indian Constitution

The Supreme Court of India

By
Syskool
-
1
Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the India’s courts. It was established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice of India and not more than 30 other Judges appointed by the President of India. The Supreme Court of India is a federal court, guardian of the Constitution and the highest court of appeal. The composition and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India is described in Articles 124 to 147 of the Constitution of India. Generally, this court takes up appeals against judgments of the High Courts of the states and territories. But it also takes writ petitions in cases of serious human rights violations and serious issue cases that need immediate resolution. On January 28, 1950, the Supreme Court of India had its inaugural sitting and since then has delivered more than 24,000 reported judgments.

Appointment and Qualification :

  • Person must be citizen of India.
  • Person must have been a Judge of a High Court for at least five years or
  • An Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years or
  • The person must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
  • The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice of India.
  • Other judges are appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts as the President may dream necessary.

Term and Salary :

  • The Chief Justice and Judges of Supreme Court retire upon attaining the age of 65 years.
  • They can give resignation to President or can be removed by the Parliament.
  • The salary of Chief Justice is Rs.1,00,000 per month and salary of Judges are Rs.90,000 per month.

Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India

Original jurisdiction :

  • The Supreme Court handles the dispute between the Central Government and one or more States, between two or more States etc.
  • In regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights, the Article 32 of the Constitution grants an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court.

Appellate jurisdiction :

  • In civil cases, an appeal lies to the Supreme Court if the High Court concerned certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance.
  • In criminal cases, an appeal lies to the Supreme Court if the High Court has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any Court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or certified that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court.

Don’t Miss: Writ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Courts

Advisory jurisdiction :

  • Under Article 143 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India.

Judicial independence :

  • A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership.
  • The salary and allowances of a judge of the Supreme Court cannot be reduced after the appointment.
  • A person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in India.

Also, Read:

Supreme Court & Ruling on Drought in India

Appointment of New Judges in the Supreme Court (SC)

Supreme Court Panel is to Monitor MCI

The Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights

By
Syskool
-
3
Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights
The Constitution has assigned to the Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights and also responsibility for the protection. The Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights can declare any law null and void if it violates. The Court also protect these rights if they are infringed by the action of the executive. In the case of violation of these rights, the affected Supreme Court and the Court may issue the writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Quo-Warranto, Prohibition and Certiorari. These writs can also be issued by the High Court.
Habeas Corpus
The writ of Habeas Corpus is issued by the court to effect the release of a person who has not been detained legally. Under this writ, the court issue order to the concerned authority or person to produce the detainee before the court in order to let the court know on what grounds the concerned person has been detained and to set him free if there is no legal justification for imprisonment. It should be noted that the writ of Habeas Corpus can be issued against both an official and private person.
Mandamus
The writ of Mandamus meaning ‘Command’, is addressed to a public authority to command him to do a duty which he is supposed to do but he has not performed. The writ of Mandamus can also be issued against lower courts if they have refused to exercise their designated jurisdiction. This writ can not be issued against private persons.
Prohibition
The writ of Prohibition is issued by the Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights or the High Court against the lower courts to prevent the latter from usurping their designated jurisdiction. Thus, the writ of Prohibition ensures that the lower courts should limit heir activities within the limit of their jurisdiction and should not go beyond that limit. The effect of the writ is that the proceedings in a case, which is beyond jurisdiction, are stopped and the lower court and the case are transferred to the court which is competent to exercise the jurisdiction in that case.
Certiorari
The writ of Certiorari is also issued against inferior courts by the Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights or High Courts, if the lower court has violated their jurisdiction and pronounced the decision on the case. The effect of this writ is that the judgement or the order issued by the lower court is quashed and the case is transferred to the appropriate court. The ground for issuing the writs of Prohibition and Certiorari is the same i.e., violation of jurisdiction, but the difference is that the writ of prohibition is issued before the final judgement of the lower courts, whereas the Certiorari is issued after the judgement in a case has announced by the lower court.
Quo-Warranto
This writ of Quo-Warranto is issued against a person occupying a public office which he is not entitled to. The purpose of the writ is to prevent the unlawful occupation of a public office by persons who is not eligible to that office. The court inquires as to under what authority the concerned person is holding a particular office. If the office is held without proper legal authority, the concerned person shall be ordered to leave that office. It should be mentioned that the writ of Quo-Warranto is not issued with respect to private offices.
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