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Today in History – 6 February

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1931

Motilal Gangadhar Nehru, revolutionary, founder of ‘Swaraj Party’, political leader and barrister, passed away at Lucknow.

1932

Dorabji Jamshetji Tata, great industrialist, passed away.

1949

India to nationalize the estate of Nizam, the world’s richest man, from Hyderabad.

1952

George VI (1895-1952), King of the United Kingdom, died of lung cancer at the age of 56 (succeeded by daughter, Elizabeth II). In 1947, His title of Emperor of India was deleted.

On this day in 1952, after a long illness, King George VI of Great Britain and Northern Ireland dies in his sleep at the royal estate at Sandringham. Princess Elizabeth, the oldest of the king’s two daughters and next in line to succeed him, was in Kenya at the time of her father’s death; she was crowned Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953, at age 27.

1953

Congress, PSP, CP and Jansangh recognised as All India parties by the Election Commission.

1954

Kashmir Assembly accepts re-unification with India.

1959

Ann Chandy was appointed the first Woman judge of Kerala High Court. In 1937, she became the ‘munsif’.

1966

Madurai Kamraj University established.

2000

”Water” shooting stopped the following suicide by a Shiv Sena activist; and director, Ms. Deepa Mehta asked to leave Varanasi.

What to Do On the Exam Day and Before It?

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What to do on Exam Day

CSAT Examination 2016 is just a few days ahead. It is important to follow all the instructions properly in CSAT Exams. Be well prepared for your CSAT Exam 2016. Preparing a good strategy to revise your portions for the test will be good idea.

Things to Keep in Mind to Do On the Exam Day

The moment is finally here. Instead of panicking before your exam starts, be well prepared for the big day. Here are some tips for what to do on the day of the exam itself and immediately before it.

Remain Calm

I know how hard it is to relax on the big day, but hyperventilating does not help anybody. Just try to remain calm. If you’re very nervous, call someone you know for comforting words. Keep Breathing as deep breathing is meditative, so any anxiety will be exhaled away within seconds.

Must Read: How to Prepare Notes for UPSC Exam?

Leave Home Early

Get to the exam hall early. You never know what traffic or weather will be like on the day, so leave enough spare time for the worst case scenario. What if your bus is overcrowded so you need to wait for the next one? What if it snows and traffic slows to a crawl? What if the exam will be held in a new location? There are so many what ifs, but leaving early will prevent you from losing out if the worst happens.

Final Run Through

Look over everything one last time, but not in depth like you did while revising. You should know it all by now. Try not to focus too much on particular areas, just glance over everything to refresh your memory from the past couple of weeks. Do not panic if you see something you don’t remember- final run through are there to remind you.

Also Read: How to Prepare for Comprehension test of CSAT?

Listen and Read Instructions Carefully

Listen to instructions given by teachers and exam invigilators. Listening to their instructions will help you feel calm and well prepared for what’s expected of you.

Read the entire question paper before making a start (maybe you have already got some practice at this from doing mock exams and past papers). Too many times, you’ll see students saying they didn’t check both sides of the paper, or they didn’t even realise there was a question right at the back.

  • Give yourself a chance to read things through.
  • Check whether you’re being asked to choose one question or another, or to do them both.
  • Make sure you understand if a question has several parts to it that all need answering.
  • Read the questions REALLY carefully to see which ones you’re most able to answer.

Reading the paper right through at least once before making a start is a total life-saver in exams.

Don’t Miss:How to Prepare for Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT)?

Do Rough Workings in your Answer Book – and Cross Them Out

It can be quite a good idea to look for the key words in a question, and make little mind maps, flow charts or bullet point lists in your answer book (same as you might have done for your revision notes) to see how you’d answer the question fully. Do be sure to cross out any rough work you don’t want marked, though! It’s also a good idea to leave spaces between answers so you can come back and add some more to your answer later, if you need to.

Start with Answering the Question You Feel Most Confident About

Start with the question you most like the look of. It doesn’t have to be the first question on the paper. Starting with the question you feel most confident about answering will boost your confidence about the rest of the exam.

Use the Time You Have

All you need to do is as much as you can. If you’re stuck on a question, set it aside for a bit and move on to a different one. You can come back to that tricky question later. Take a little time to check which questions you feel most comfortable about answering. If you finish early, you might as well spend that extra time reading through your answers – and reading through the paper, too! It’s always worth another read, just to check you’ve answered all the relevant questions on the paper. Use the marks given for each answer as a guide to how much time you’re meant to spend on it.

You May Also Like: How to Prepare General Studies for Preliminary Exam?

Sleep

Get enough sleep the night before the exam. If you are dull-headed because of a lack of sleep, you won’t be able to perform at your best. Sleep a few extra hours instead of studying a few extra hours.

Food

Eat moderately before your exams; avoid a heavy meal. If you eat too much, your brain will have to devote energy to the process of digestion. On the other hand, if you skip a meal altogether, your brain will have inadequate fuel to function well. Aim for nutritional balance and moderation.

Avoid Nervous Students

While waiting for the exam to begin, avoid speaking to nervous students and absorbing their negative energy. Its preferable to stay confident and focused on doing well on the exam.

Have A Look: How to Prepare for UPSC Exam while you are in College?

Stay for the Entire Exam

Stay for the full length of the exam. Even if you feel you cannot recall any more, by relaxing or waiting in the exam hall, information and details might come to mind and enable you to score additional points. On exams, every point counts.

Have a Strategy

If you have a strategy, you will feel more confident and if you feel more confident, you will perform better. That strategy will depend on who you are. Try different strategies before the exam and see what works personally for you.

Must Read: How to Write to the Point Answers in Exam?

What to Follow

During preparation and in examination hall some of the points to be followed are:

  • Read limited books. Don’t try to read more books. Read fewer books and gain more from them. Read only one or two newspapers and follow any book on current affairs. Reading more books make you capable in sorting out what to remember or not.
  • Be selective while reading a newspaper. From the beginning of your preparation, build the habit of reading what is important from the point of view of the examination. Spend only 45 minutes to 60 minutes for newspaper daily.
  • Always plan your studies. For a week and also for a day. This helps to complete the syllabus within a time.
  • In the name of selective study don’t leave what to be studied. Don’t go only for popular topics study what may be asked in the Mains.
  • Prepare your own notes. But don’t spend more time in preparing notes. Make point-wise notes which can be reversed very easily with less time.
  • Don’t run from difficult topics. Get clarifications from somebody else and simply don’t leave difficult topics. Don’t give importance to what you know. Give less time for what you know and more time for studying difficult topics which you don’t know properly.
  • Make more and more practices for writing answers. Don’t be lazy. At least take the habit of writing points to be included in that answer.
  • While writing answer in examination hall, don’t cross the word-limit. If you cross the word limit, you cannot manage to write all the answers.It is only practice that can make you to solve the problem within a time limit.
  • Last, but not least, point is very important. Don’t be in hurry while reading the question paper. Read slowly word by word and you can understand what is being asked. Otherwise, there is a chance of writing wrong answer. Therefore, follow the questions properly.

You May Also Love to Read: How to Read The Hindu Newspaper for IAS Preparation?

Project Tiger – Government’s effort to protect tigers in India

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Bengal Tiger

About Project Tiger:

Project Tiger is a tiger conservation program for in situ conservation of wild tigers in designated tiger reserves.

On 1st April 1973, the Project Tiger was launched by Mrs. Indira Gandhi in Palamu Tiger Reserve. [You may link it with 1972 Earth Summit]

3 subspecies of tigers are extinct out of traditionally recognized 8 subspecies.

Royal Bengal tiger is India’s dominant to subspecies of tiger, Panthera tigris tigris.

Tigers are the terminal consumer in the ecological food pyramid. Tiger conservation will result in conservation of all the trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Royal Bengal Tiger

Objective of Project Tiger

To ensure a viable population of tigers for economic, scientific, cultural, aesthetic and ecological values.

Limit factors that lead to the reduction of tiger habitat and to mitigate them by suitable management.

Site-specific eco-development to reduce the dependency of local people on tiger reserve resources.

Read Also: Top 10 Tiger Reserves in India

Challenges with Tiger Conservation

  • Protection against poaching
  • Fragmentation of habitat
  • Securing inviolate space for tiger to facilitate its social dynamics
  • Addressing tiger-human interface
  • Restoration of corridors
  • Eliciting public support of local people by providing ecologically sustainable option.

Implementation of Project Tiger

Project Tiger was administered by National Tiger Conservation Authority.

Project Tiger is implemented in 18 states – Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Funds: 100% central assistance is provided for non-recurring items of expenditure to the state. 50% matching grant for the recurring items (90% in the case of Northeastern states) based on the annual plan of operation of the tiger reserve.

Voluntary relocation of people from core/critical habitats.

Addressing the human-wildlife conflict within the ambit of Wildlife (Protection)Act 1972.

Must Read: Project Tiger Government’s effort to protect tigers in India

The habitats covered under Project Tiger are:

  1. Shivalik Terai conservation unit
  2. North-East conservation unit
  3. Sundarbans conservation unit
  4. Western ghats conservation unit
  5. Eastern ghats conservation unit
  6. Central India conservation unit
  7. Sariska conservation unit

Various tiger reserves were created under core-buffer strategy

Core area:

The core areas are free of all human activities.

It has the legal status of National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary.

It is kept free of biotic disturbances.

Forestry operations like the collection of minor forest produce, grazing, and other human disturbances are not allowed within.

Buffer area:

The buffer areas are subjected to ‘conservation oriented land use’.

It comprises forest and non-forest land.

It is a multi-purpose use area with twin objectives of providing habitat supplement to spillover population of the wild animal from core conservation unit, providing site-specific co-developmental inputs to surrounding villages for relieving their impact on the core are.

Facts associated with Tiger Conservation

The number of tigers has improved to 2226 as per the latest census report released on January 20, 2015.

The all India tiger estimation is carried out once in every 4 years.

Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand is India’s 48th National Park.

Also, Read:

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (ABR) Listed by UNESCO

Ken-Betwa Project : Panel warns of Ecological Harms

Wildlife Corridors – Elephant Lifeline(s) – of Coimbatore

Indian Classical dance forms – Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Kathak, Odissi

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indian classical dance

The art form, Indian Classical Dance is not only a tradition but also a medium for expressing the philosophy of Indian thought through postures and expressions. The classical dance is one of the important fine arts of India which had been enriching our cultural heritage for centuries all over the world.

HISTORY OF INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE:

The basic principles of Indian Classical Dance trace their history from NATYA SASHTRA which was written in 2ndcentury AD by BHARATHA MUNI. According to it, NATYA(means classical dance) includes music, dance, and drama. NATYA SASHTRA describes the NATYA (Classical dance) as the fifth Veda which expresses the gist of the other four Vedas (RIG VEDA, SAMA VEDA, YAZUR VEDA and ATHARVA VEDA).

In earlier days, Classical dances were only performed in temples and court of kings by devadasis(temple dancers). Later on, it was brought to the stages and the theatres of the present day.

The basic aspects of Indian classical dance are tandava and lasya which means rhythm and grace respectively. The poses given are called mudras. Every Indian classical dance form exhibits the navarasas (nine human emotions) in their own way.

Read Also: Classical Dances of India: Mirror of Cultural India

DIFFERENT INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCES:

There are eight different types of classical dances in India originating from different parts. We will discuss about the most famous ones.

BHARATANATYAM:

BHARATANATYAM is the most famous classical dance form of India which was originated in TAMIL NADU state. BHARATANATYAM came from the words BHA  RA  TA denoting bhava (expression), raga (music) and tala (rhythm).

This dance form was performed by devadasis only in temples in ancient days. Later on, it came to dance schools and flourished. PANDANALLUR style and TANJAVUR style are two styles of BHARATANATYAM.

FAMOUS DANCERS: The famous dancers of BHARATANATYAM are Rukmini Devi, T. BALASARASWATHI, MRINALINI SARABHAI, ANITA RATNAM and so on.

KUCHIPUDI:

The famous classical dance form KUCHIPUDI was named after its place of origin, KUCHELAPURAM, a village in Andhra Pradesh. In ancient days, it was only performed by male Brahmins in temples for enacting Puranas. Later on, it was brought on to the stage and was patronised by Vijayanagara and Golconda rulers.

FAMOUS DANCERS: The famous dancers of KUCHIPUDI are VEMPATI CHINA SATYAM, SWAPNA SUNDARI, CHINTA KRISHNA MURTHY and so on.

Must Read: Folk dances of India

KATHAKALI:

KATHAKALI classical dance was born in the temples of Kerala. It was originated from the words KATHA (means story) and KALI (means drama). It is said that the ancient dance form of Kerala RAMANATTAM was evolved into KATHAKALI. It was used to be performed in open air stages and was soon brought to the theatres.

FAMOUS DANCERS: The famous dancers of KATHAKALI are GURU KUNCHU KURUP, KARUNAKARAN, GOPINATH, RAMAN PILLAI and so on.

KATHAK:

KATHAK dance form was originated in Uttar Pradesh. It literally means story telling through dance. It was highly influenced by VAISHNAVISM and was associated with temples accompanied by kirtans. During Mughal rule, Persian style costumes were introduced into this form. It was greatly flourished in GHARANAS of different cities.

FAMOUS DANCERS: The famous dancers of KATHAK are SITARA DEVI, DAMAYANTI JOSHI, UMA SHARMA, MANISHA GULYANI and so on.

Besides, there are many other famous classical dances such as MANIPURI (Manipur), ODISSI (Orissa), MOHINIYATTAM (Kerala) and so on.

CONCLUSION:

Many foreign people are also attracted towards the classical dance forms and are learning them. In this way, Classical Dance forms are playing their part in glorifying the Indian culture.

Also, Read: 

10 Major Festivals of India

National Festivals of India Part 1

Today in History – 5 February

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1922

Chauri Chaura tragedy occurred in Gorakhpur District of United Province on this day, Gandhiji, following Chauri Chaura (U.P.) tragedy in which 22 police constables and one sub-inspector were burnt to death by a mob, fasts for five days and abandons Non-Cooperation Movement.

1931

Krishna Film Co., Bombay produced a 7,659 feet long ‘Krishnatone Talkie Programme No. 1’, which was released quite before the release of ‘Alam Ara,’ first talkie film of India. The Krishnatone Programme was censored at C.C. No. 9906 on February 5 and the programme contained the following:

  1. Arabic Song
  2. Indian Orchestra No.1
  3. Indian Orchestra No.2
  4. Indian Orchestra No.3
  5. Jal Tarang Solo
  6. Hindi Song No. 1
  7. Hindi Song No. 2
  8. Hindi Song No. 3
  9. Bengali Song
  10. Garba No. 1
  11. Garba No. 2
  12. Gujarati Comic Song
  13. Hindi Chorus Song No. 1
  14. Hindi Chorus Song No. 2
  15. Dilruba Solo
  16. Violin Solo
  17. Goanese Song

 

1949

Judgement on Gandhi’s murder; Godse and Apte to be executed.

1991

Gulf War airlift – The last of 1.2 lakh Indians in Kuwait manage to return to India.

1993

In a historic judgement of its kind the Supreme Court directs the Union Government to forcibly produce Manipur Speaker Dr. Borobabu Singh before it on March 23 in a contempt case.

2008

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader, passed away in Vlodrop, Holland.