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Where do we find the Continental Climate and what are its main features ?

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Syskool
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Where do we find the Continental Climate and what are its main features ?

The Continental Climate is found in the interior part of the big continents between Taiga and the mid-latitude deserts. In Eurasia, it spreads from Poland and the Baltic States to the Central Russian plain. Beyond the Ural mountains, the belt is narrow and runs along the 55 degrees parallel.

In North America, this climate is found in the northern states of the USA and the southern parts of the central states of Canada. In continental climate summers are short and warm, the temperature being in between 10° C and 21° C.

Winter is long and temperature goes down below freezing point. Precipitation is variable and comes mostly in summer as rainfall. Winter precipitation is in the form of snow.

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How does solar cooker functions?

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Syskool
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How does solar cooker functions?

By its very name, a Solar Cooker would mean cooking meals with solar energy without any conventional fuel. The cooker is so simple that after buying the required material from the market, any carpenter can fabricate it. Materials include mirror, cooking pots, glass sheets (two) with half distance in parallel, glass sheet frame and a blackened

aluminium tray, a wooden box, handle, thumb nut and lunged adjustor and guide. Besides the above, insulating material (glass wool) is filled in the space between a wooden box and aluminium tray all round. There is also a castor wheel fitted on one side for easy handling.

The sun’s rays enter through glass sheets inside the box. The black surface area absorbs solar radiation which is transformed into thermal radiation, and cannot be easily re-radiated out of the glass sheets. The loss of heat through conduction and convection is minimised by insulating space and making the box air tight. This is why the temperature inside the Solar Cooker can be as high % as 125° to 160° centigrade.

In Solar Cooker, food is cooked by the heat absorbed from solar rays; food is, therefore, cooked during daytime only when the whole place is drenched in sunlight.

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Agni-II Launched Successfully

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Syskool
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The Strategic Forces Command of the Indian Army successfully test-fired the Agni-II ballistic missile on April 7, 2013.

Having lifted off from a mobile launcher on Wheeler Island off the Odisha coast, the missile travelled its entire course of 2,000 km before splashing into the designated area in the Bay Bengal with an accuracy of a few metres. It was hailed as a perfect mission, with the entire flight lasting over 10 minutes.

The Defence Research and Develop­ment Organisation (DRDO) said in a statement that everything went off well, during the test-flight. Electro-optical systems monitored the flight. Two ships stationed down range saw every stage of the mission, including the final event of the missile’s splash-down. Its fully indigenous, highly accurate navigation systems took the missile to a few metres off the targeted location.

Agni-II, which is capable of earning nuclear warheads, is 20 metres long and weighs 17 tonnes. The missile has been developed by the DRDO. Its two stages are Propelled by solid fuel. it can carry a payload weighing one tonne.

Treaty To Limit Use Of Mercury Adopted By 140 Countries

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Syskool
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Treaty To Limit Use Of Mercury Adopted By 
 
140 Countries
 
 
Delegations from 140 countries agreed on January 19, 2013 to adopt a ground­breaking treaty to limit the use and emission of health-hazardous mercury. The world’s first legally binding agreement on mercury was reached after a week of talks held in Geneva, Switzerland. The treaty aims to reduce global emission levels of the toxic heavy metal, also known as quicksilver, which poses risks to human health and the environment.
The treaty has been named the Minamata Convention on Mercury, in honour of the Japanese town where inhabitants have long suffered the consequences of serious mercury contamination. The text of the pact will be signed in Minamata in October 2013. It will take effect once it is ratified by 50 countries. The UN expects the process to take three to four years.

Mercury is found in products ranging from electrical switches, thermometers and light-bulbs, to amalgam dental fillings and even facial creams. Large amounts of the heavy metal are released from small-scale gold mining, coal-burning power plants, metal smelters and* cement production. Serious mercury poisoning affects the body’s immune system and development of the brain and nervous system, posing the greatest risk to infants and foetuses. The new treaty sets a phase­out date of 2020 for a long line of products, including mercury thermo­meters, blood pressure measuring devices, most batteries, switches, some kinds of fluorescent lamps and soaps and cosmetics. It, however, exempts some large medical measuring devices for which no mercury-free alternatives exist

Secrets deep in the Sun

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Syskool
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Secrets deep in the Sun

In an article published in the journal Science on April 5, 2013, recent simulations have ushered in a major understanding of aspects of the sun’s magnetic field. The interesting facts of the finding of the simulation are these: at the base of the sun’s turbulent convection layer, torus like bands of magnetic field of opposite polarities form at mid-latitude on either hemisphere.

Intriguingly, the torus-like bands of magnetic field undergo polarity reversals once every forty years. The highlight of the study is that the researchers were able to show that a regular cycle is produced and this type of internal magnetic field believed to be conducive to the formation of sunspots. The reversal of polarity of the torus-like bands every forty years is nearly four times as long as the observed solar cycle. It is further pointed out that other numerical simulations produced instead large-scale zonal structures within the turbulent convection layer and peaking at low latitudes. The simulations also reveal factors that could be of significance in affecting the observed cycles.

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