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Outer Space Treaty

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Outer Space Treaty

Outer Space Treaty is a legally binding international treaty that regulates the use of space for peaceful use only. This treaty was signed in 1967, was agreed through the UN, was the first treaty of its kind to be signed and today it remains as the ‘constitution’ of outer space. It has been signed and made official, or has been ratified, by 105 countries across the world.

Though the treaty is technically binding, in the absence of Space Police, it can be practically enforced.So a country can easily bypass the treaty but there are implications for not complying like sanctions, lack of legitimacy and respect which is of importance in the international arena. But in spite of its continued existence since 50 years, it has never been violated.

Features of the Treaty

1.Outer space can be used for “peaceful purposes” – weapons of mass destruction cannot be used in space.

  1. Celestial territory (such as the moon or Mars), is not subject to “national appropriation” – i,e, no country can lay claim to them.

Analysis

In spite of few challenges, the treaty has done its job especially during the cold war era when it was incepted so that to avoid any conflict in space between the two super power i,e, USA  and USSR.However Art.iv of the treaty need some update but  50 years down the line of its inception at the time increasing space exploration, global interconnectedness, it is time to revisit the treaty and equip it to deal with the unique challenges posed by the interconnected postmodern globalised world we live in.

 

You May Also Like to Read:     Milestones in Space Exploration

Labour Code on Wages Bill

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Syskool
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labour code on wages bill

The Labour Code on Wages Bill (Wage Bill) drafted by Ministry of Labour & Employment is an amalgam of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. It seeks to benefit around 40 crore workers currently working in unorganized sector.

 Aim:

  • Reforming the labour laws and improving the ‘ease of doing business’ ranking.
  • Transforming India into a manufacturing hub through its “Make in India” programme.

Highlights of The Labour Code on Wages Bill :

 

  1. Prohibition of discrimination on ground of gender:
  • The bill seeks to eliminate all forms of discrimination among male, female and transgender employees on the ground of sex in the matter of wages; under the same employer, in respect of work of same or similar nature.
  1. Minimum Wages:
  • Till now the power of wage fixation lies exclusively with the state governments. But this leads to the non-uniformity of wages. The current bill empowers the Centre to issue directions to the State governments in respect of wage fixation to avoid any discrepancy.
  • The bill asks the State Government, to take into account the skill required, the arduousness of the work assigned to the worker, the cost of living of the worker, geographical location of the place of work and other factors while fixing or revising the minimum rates of the wages.
  • The code provides for the constitution of Minimum Wages Advisory Board at both central and the state level to advise the respective governments relating to fixation or revision of minimum wages or matters relating thereto.
  1. Payment of Wages:
  • Payment of Wages Act 1936 required payment of wages primarily in cash, and through banks only upon a specific request by the employee. Post demonetization, the Payment of Wages Act was amended to include payments by cheque or by crediting the wages in the bank account of the employee. The Wage Bill now mandates every employer to make payment of wages electronically (bank transfer) or by cheque unless notified otherwise by the Government.
  1. Inspectors to facilitators:
  • The Wage Bill provides for “facilitators” instead of “inspectors”, who are empowered to provide the employers and workers with advice regarding effective means of complying with the law along with their power of inquiry and investigation.

 

Background:

India has one of the most rigid labour markets in the world. To improve its “Ease of doing business” ranking and to boost its manufacturing sector, which currently accounts for only 16% of India’s $2 trillion economy, India desperately needs some major overhaul in its labour laws.

Realizing the same, the incumbent government has tried introducing one of the biggest legislative reforms in Indian labour laws, by reducing 44 Central labour laws into four codes in order to simplify them. These are :

  • Labour Code on Wages
  • Labour Code on Industrial Relations
  • Labour Code on Social Security & Welfare
  • Labour Code on Safety &Working Conditions

 

To refer to the bill –> CLICK HERE

You may also like to read: Indian Institutes of Management Bill, The Admiralty Bill-2017

Well Known Historical Monument of India

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Syskool
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historical monument of India

Qutab Minar (Delhi)

Qutab Minar, historical monument of India in red and buff sandstone, is the highest tower in India. It has a diameter of 14.32 meter at the base and about 2.75 meter on the top with a height of 72.5. It was built by Qutab-ud-din Aibak to celebrate Muslim dominance in Delhi after the defeat of Delhi’s last Hindu ruler. The construction of the tower was later taken over by his successors Iltutmish and Firoz Shah Tuglak. The different architectural styles from Aibak to Tuglak are clearly visible in the Qutab Minar.

Gateway of India (Mumbai)

Gateway of India, historical monument of India, the colossal structure was constructed in 1924 by George Wittet. The main objective behind the construction was to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary. It acts as a symbolic representation of Mumbai’s prosperity all over the globe.

Taj Mahal (Agra, Uttar Pradesh)

Taj Mahal, historical monument of India the pinnacle of Mughal architecture, was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It took 22 years of the workforce of 22,000 persons to complete the tomb. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being the “Jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired master pieces of world’s heritage”.

Must Read: History of India in a nutshell

Fatehpur Sikri (Agra, Uttar Pradesh)

Fatehpur Sikri, historical monument of India, it was built between 1569 and 1585 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. It is considered as one of the architectural legacies of Emperor Akbar and consists of beautiful places, halls and mosques.

Sun Temple (Konark, Odisha)

The Sun Temple, historical monument of India was built in about 1250 AD by the East Ganga king Narasimhadeva. The temple is shaped like a giant chariot and is known for the exquisite stone carvings that cover the entire structure. It was designed in form of gorgeously decorated chariot mounted on 24 wheels, each about 10 feet in diameter, and drawn by 7 mighty horses

Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)

Victoria Memorial, historical monument of India, it was built between 1906 and 1921 in the memory of Queen of Victoria by Lord Curzon. Built on the grounds on the Hoogly river it is now a museum having an assortment of British Raj Paintings and other paintings. It was built to highlight the glory of British Empire in India.

Jaisalmer Fort (Jaisalmer, Rajasthan)

Jaisalmer Fort, historical monument of India, it was built in 1156 AD by the Rajput ruler Rawal Jaiswal to dispose his nephew Bhojdev from his territory. It is popularly known as “Sone ka Quila” by the local people.

Also Read: Important Battles in the Indian History

Sanchi Stupa (Madhya Pradesh)

The Great Stupa at Sanchi is the historical monument of India and was commissioned by the emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE and the 12th century AD. It is famous as a paradigm of Buddhist architecture and culture. Lord Buddha has been emblematically represented Sanchi Stupa in the figure of trees and other inanimate forms.

Golconda Fort (Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh)

It was built by the Kakatiya dynasty around 12th and 16th century. The fort is built on a granite hill around 120 meters and is bordered by thick walls. The fort was renowned for diamond trade and it is said that the world famous “Kohinoor” was found here.

Gol Gumbaz (Karnataka)

It was built by Adil Shah in the year 1656. It is a fine piece of Islamic architectural style. It has a floor area of 1700 sq. meter, a height of 51 meter and diameter of 37 meter. Any sound at this place echoes for over 11 times.

Read Also: History Article Industrial Revolution in England

UPSC Civil Services Exam

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Syskool
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upsc civil services exam

Every year UPSC calls application for Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services mentioned below:

  1. Indian Administrative Service.
  2. Indian Foreign Service.
  3. Indian Police Service
  4. Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’.
  5. Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
  6. Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’.
  7. Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
  8. Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’.
  9. Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration).
  10. Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’.
  11. Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
  12. Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’.
  13. Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
  14. Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’.
  15. Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’
  16. Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’.
  17. Indian Information Service (Junior Grade), Group ‘A’.
  18. Indian Trade Service, Group ‘A’ (Gr. III).
  19. Indian Corporate Law Service, Group “A”.
  20. Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group ‘B’ (Section Officer’s Grade).
  21. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Civil Service, Group ‘B’.
  22. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Police Service, Group ‘B’.
  23. Pondicherry Civil Service, Group ‘B’.
  24. Pondicherry Police Service, Group ‘B’

Every year around 800-1000 candidates selected after the final process to join above-mentioned services (generally 60-80 gets IAS). The selection process starts with form filling for Preliminary Examination and ends after the result of Interview. After final selection, selected candidates have to go through the training process.

UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam

The Preliminary Exam consists of two papers General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper II. Paper I is of social studies, general science, and current affairs; while Paper II is an aptitude test to evaluate comprehension skills, quantitative aptitude, decision making and general aptitude. You may find detailed syllabus of these two papers here.

Application forms filling for Civil Services PT Exam start in Feb-March month, and exam held in May-June. The result of this exam comes in the month of July-August.

Civil Services Mains Exam

After getting selected in Mains Exam applicants are required to fill Detailed Application Form online and upload all required documents to become eligible for appearing in Mains exam.

Mains exams consist of two steps first, written test and then interview.

Written Test

Written test has nine papers of total 1750 marks. You may read the complete syllabus here

Personality Test or Interview

Personality test conducted for the students selected after the written test. All the candidates are summoned to UPSC, Delhi to on their respective interview dates to take the 275 marks interview.

For more detailed information about the exam, this year’s dates, syllabus, books, cut-off, number of vacancies, previous year’s trends and marks you may read here

Indian Railway Zones and Their Headquarters

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railway zone india

Ther are 17 Railway Zones in India in which Indian Railways has been divided for better administration. These zones are further subdivided into 73 divisions across India. General Manager or GM heads the zonal headquarters and Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) leads in divisional head offices.

  1. Northern Railway –Delhi
  2. North Eastern Railway – Gorakhpur
  3. Northeast Frontier Railway – Maligaon (Guwahati)
  4. Eastern Railway- Kolkata
  5. South Eastern Railway – Kolkata
  6. South Central Railway – Secunderabad
  7. Southern Railway – Chennai
  8. Central Railway – Mumbai
  9. Western Railway – Mumbai
  10. South Western Railway – Hubli
  11. North Western Railway – Jaipur
  12. West Central Railway – Jabalpur
  13. North Central Railway – Allahabad
  14. South East Central Railway – Bilaspur
  15. East Coast Railway – Bhubaneswar
  16. East Central Railway – Hajipur
  17. Kolkata Metro – Kolkata

railway zoneMust Read:

India’s Longest Railway Routes

Bharatmala Road and Highways Project

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