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Advent of Europeans

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ADVENT OF EUROPEANS

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS

Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese sailor who discovered as sea route to India via Cape of Good Hope. He arrived at the port of Calicut on May 27, 1498, paved the path for Alfonso de Albuquerque to carve out a Portuguese empire in India. In 1510 he captured Goa from Bijapur sultanate and also established trading centres in Bombay, Malabar coast, San Thome Near madras and Hooghly in Bengal.

 

The English East India Company : It was chartered in December 1600 by Queen Elizabeth and granted the monopoly of eastern trade. Captain Hawkins paid a visit to the court of Jahangir in 1609 but failed to secure the trading rights. However, in 1613 Jahangir permitted the East India Company to establish a factory at Surat. Gradually the Company established its trading centres at Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

The Dutch : They also came in the early seventeenth century but their influence soon vanished.

The French : They reached India in 1670 and established their centres near Madras and at Chandernagore on Hooghly. They also established their naval base in the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean.

 This is all about ADVENT OF EUROPEANS.
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Gandhian Thought of Sarvodaya

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Gandhiji was much impressed by reading John Ruskin’s Unto This Last. He translated it later into Gujarati entitling it Sarvodaya. The book brought great transformation in the life of Gandhiji and Sarvodaya became a great ideal of his life and philosophy. The broad outlines of this ideal were the following:

(a) That the good of an individual is contained in good of all.

(b) That a lawyer’s work has the same value as that of a barber in as much as all have the same right of earning their livelihood from their work.

(c) That a life of labour, i.e., the life of the tiller of the soil and the handicraftsman is a life worth living.

As a votary of non-violence, Gandhiji did not fully subscribe to the utilitarian concept of the greatest happiness of the greatest number. He hoped that a votary of Ahimsa would zealously strive for the greatest good of all and may be ready to sacrifice his life gladly for attainment of that ideal whereas a utilitarian would never sacrifice his life for the good of others.

Hence, the ideal of the greatest good of all is superior to that of the utilitarian doctrine of the greatest good of the greatest number, the former being comprehensive enough to include in it the latter also.

He believed that if the ideal of Sarvodaya could be realised, there would be true democracy in which the highest and the humblest, the ruler and the rub would be equal. This presupposes that all are good and pure. So distinctions of caste and outcast would vanish. There would be no untouchables. The capitalist and the toiling labourer would hold equal status. Everybody would earn his living by honest means and by the sweat of his brow. There would be no distinction between intellectual and physical labour People would abjure intoxicants of opium and liquor at the own will. There would be no exploitation of women. Eva woman who is not a wife, would be respected as the modi sister or daughter according to her age. Swadeshi would be rule of life. A zealous spirit of sacrifice would imbue all of us Everybody would be ready to sacrifice his life for the good of all and would never think of taking the life of his fellow brethren.

Rise of Peshwa

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Rise of Peshwa

Balaji Vishwartath was a clever Brahman from Konkan, who secured the recognition of Sahu’s independent status from Mohammed Shah, the then Mughal Emperor. Sahu made him his Peshwa who became the virtual ruler. Balaji died in 1720 and Sahu in 1749. Balajirao I succeeded his father as Peshwa in 1720. He greatly extended the empire and died in 1740. Balaji was the eldest son of Bajirao and his successor as Peshwa. On the death of Sahu, he seized power by a coup d’etat and imprisoned Ramraja, heir to the throne and her aunt Tarabai. During his reign, Maratha empire attained its zenith. Taking advantage of the departure of Nadir Shah and the decaying condition of Mughal Empire he captured Delhi in 1760.

Third Battle of Panipat : Ahmad Shah Abdali, the successor of Nadir Shah on hearing of Maratha victory, challenged them at Panipat in January 1761 and defeated them. Balaji died in 1761 on his way to reinforce the defeated Marathas at Panipat.Balaji’s successor Madhavarao being a minor, his uncle Raghunathrao acted as regent. Madhavrao died in 1771. During his reign Marathas greatly restored their strength and prestige by defeating Nazim Ali of Hyderabad in 1763 at the Battle of Rakshasbhwan, and subsequently Haider Ali of Mysore in 1764. His successor Narayanrao was murdered in 1773 with the connivance of Raghunathrao. Narayanrao’s son Madhavrao II was installed on the throne of Nana Farnavis who acted as his regent. Raghunathrao who was opposed to it, conspired with the English to seize power.

First Anglo-Maratha War: The English at Bombay espoused the cause of Raghunathrao in return for certain concessions agreed to by him. This caused the first Anglo-Maratha War in 1775 in which the Marathas were defeated.

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Decline and Fall of Mughal Empire

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mughal empire

Bahadur Shah (1707-1712) : Prince Muazzam, a son of the late Emperor succeeded to the throne in June 1707 A.D. After defeating his two brothers. He assumed the title of Bahadur Shah or Shah Alam I (1707-1712). He released Sahu, the son of Shambhaji as a conciliatory measure towards Marathas.

Must Read: The Mughl Empire

Invasion of Nadir Shah (1739): In 1739 during the reign of Mohammed Shah, Nadir Shah, the king of Persia invaded India and mercilessly massacred the people of Delhi. Nadir Shah reinstated Mohammed Shah and went back to Persia.

The Disintegration of mughal empire : Nadir Shah’s invasion virtually crippled the powers of the Emperor. In Deccan, Marathas became very powerful. Sadat Ali Khan, governor of Awadh and Alivardi Khan, governor of Bengal, became independent. Rohillas in Ganga valley also became independent under the leadership of Ali Mohammed Khan Rohilla.

The mughal empire of Mohammed Shah successor, Ahmad Shah (1748-54) consisted only of the lands adjoining Delhi and a few districts in U.P. Imad-ul-mulk who had become his Wazir by terrorising him, ultimately blinded the emperor in 1754 and deposed him and placed his son Mohammed Azim Uddaulah on the throne as Alamgir II. He was later murdered by his Wazir and another Mughal prince was installed on the throne. The heir-apparent, Prince Shah Alam sought refuge with the Nawab Wazir of Awadh.

Shah Alam was recognised as emperor by Abdali, the successor of Nadir Shah. He lived under the protection of the English after his defeat by them at the Battle of Buxar in 1764. In 1771 he came back to Delhi at the invitation of Marathas who placed him on the throne. In 1788 he was blinded and deposed by Ghulam Qadir but he were again restored in the throne with the help of Mahadaji Sindhia. Shah Alam IIwas succeeded by Akbar Shah II (1806-1837) and Bahadur Shah (1837-1857). the last ruler, famous as Bahadur Shah Zafar.

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Dr. Rajendra Prasad: The First President of India

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Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first president of India; was born on 3rd December 1884. He lived 79 successful years with great zeal, strengthening the foundation of our country, in a nice way. He served the nation for a long time with his extremely strong leadership. The great leader contributed a lot to motivate the Indian citizens to attain freedom and live the life with full liberty. That’s why; he was admired by the people as the first president after freedom. He was proved as an intelligent motivator for young people and proved as a role model for them, even after being belonged to a small village Ziradei in Siwan, Bihar.

Lifetime achievements-

Dr. Rajendra Prasad contributed for the progress of India up to the great extent. He served his motherland so dearly that he dedicated all his life for the holy service of the country. Being a good leader, he was selected for various posts in the Indian cabinet.

His main achievements in the series are as follows:-

  • He was chosen as the first president of India; at the age of 63 years.
  • Being the president of the constituent assembly, he employed his intelligent views and ideas full of far sightedness in order to build a strong constitution for the country.
  • Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of the congress, the most popular national party during the year of 1939 and 1943.
  • One of the interesting facts about the political career of Dr. Prasad that he served as the cabinet minister in the first Indian government, after freedom.

 Also Read: Powers of President of India

Family and earlier life-

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was a very simple, honest and intelligent leader. Being the disciple of Gandhiji, he followed his rules such as non-violence, honesty, truthfulness and became one of the crucial members of the freedom struggle. His father, Mahadev Sahay, and mother, Kamleshwari Devi brought him up with great love and care as he was the youngest child among his siblings. He was a scholar of Persian and Sanskrit language. His elder brother, Mahendra Prasad was admired by him a lot.
He was committed for the customs and roots of his community crucially, from his childhood only. He was taught Persian by a private Maulavi, at the age of five years. His great intelligence and analyzing power made him the expert of Hindi and arithmetic. He was married to Rajvanshi Devi, at the age of 12 years.
Have a Look at: Politics in India

Graduation and young life

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was an extremely brilliant student. He was the topper student in the entrance examination of Calcutta University and achieved the scholarship of Rs. 30 per month, in the year of 1902. He went to presidency college of Calcutta where he got the chance of learning science under the great Indian scientist Jagdish Chandra Bose. Later, he selected arts as his subject instead of science and completed the study of MA. He became the master of Law and initiated the swadeshi movement by the inspiration of his brother Mahendra Prasad. He became the member of the dawn society which was being run by Satish Chandra Mukherji and sister Nivedita at the time.
You May Also Read: Jawaharlal Nehru

Political career of Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Dr. Prasad came into contact with Gandhiji during his arrival on the Indian national scene. He was highly influenced with the great personality and became dedicated for the freedom struggle after meeting ‘father of the nation ’. His disciplined life and dedication for the motherland inspired Prasad in a great way that he took part in salt satyagraha and got arrested by police in 1930. When the earthquake struck Bihar in 1934, he was in jail only. As he was released from jail after 2 days of the event, he started collecting fund and economic relief for the people who were suffering from destruction by the natural calamity. He became successful in collecting about 3.8 million Rs. in which the one-third parts was contributed by the viceroy.
Just after this event, he was selected as the president of Indian national congress and led the Bombay session. From this point his political career caught speed and he became the president of the country. After serving the country for 12 years in this highly admirable stage, he was awarded Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of India. He died on 28th February 1963, after retirement.

Literary contributions

  • Satyagraha at Champaran (1922)
  • India Divided (1946)
  • Atmakatha (1946), his autobiography written during his 3-year prison term in Bankipur Jail
  • Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some Reminiscences” (1949)
  • Bapu key Kadmon Mein (1954)
  • Since Independence (published in 1960)

Also Read:

Well-known presidents of India

All Presidents of India and their Tenure

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