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Top Universities in India

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Syskool
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university in India

The top Universities in India lists country’s top Public and Private Universities. Besides this, Top Universities in India also offers ranking of universities under different dicipline including Engineering, Medicine, Agricultural and Specialized programmes. The list of university here brings you a fair picture on how the academic institutions are placed within and across clusters.

List of Top University in India

Indian Institute of Science (IISc)

Indian Institute of Science (IISc) , a public university for scientific research and higher education, is located in Bangalore, India. Established in 1909 with active support from Jamsetji Tata and H.H. Sir Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the Maharaja of Mysore, it is also locally known as the “Tata Institute”. It acquired the status of a Deemed University in 1958. IISc is widely regarded as India’s finest institution in science. The foundation stone was laid in 1911, and the first batch of students started their studies in the same year.

The Institute was the first to introduce masters programmes in engineering. It has also started integrated Ph.D. programmes in Biological, Chemical, Physical and Mathematical Sciences for science graduates.

Degrees Offered

Degrees offered by the institute may be broadly classified into two categories:

  • Degrees by Research (PhD, integrated PhD, BS (core science and interdisciplinary topics) and MS (Engg.)), and
  • Degrees by coursework (ME/MTech/M.Mgt/MDes).

Admissions

Admission into IISc is highly competitive. Usually, only the top 0.01 percent candidates qualifying the GATE examination are able to clear the cutoff for ME/M.Tech admissions.

Candidates are called for interviews based on the entrance test of the Institute or GATE or any other test recognised by the Institute.

  • For course oriented degrees – ME and M.Tech. – the admission is done through the GATE examination conducted every year.
  • For research oriented degree – Master of Science that is similar to MS with Thesis—the admission is done through the GATE.
  • For Master of Management (M.Mgt), which has a strength of only 25 seats across India, the admission is done through CAT (Common Admission Test).
  • Admission to MDes is done through the GATE or the CEED (Common Entrance Examination for Design). Bachelor of Science graduates can get admission to IISC through the JAM exam.

Must Read: Oldest Universities in the World

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU ) is a public central university in New Delhi, the capital of India. In 2012 The National Assessment and Accreditation Council gave the university a grade of 3.9 out of 4, the highest grade awarded to any educational institution in the country. It is one of the top universities in the country, ranking third according to the National Institutional Ranking Framework. It is known for intense student activism and providing a liberal democratic space for students in India.

Jawaharlal Nehru University was established in 1969 by an act of parliament. It was named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister. G. Parthsarthi was the first vice-chancellor.

The Jawaharlal Nehru University constituted under the Jawaharlal Nehru University Act 1966, (53 of 1966) came into existence in 1969. Its objectives, as defined in the First Schedule to the Act, are as follows:

“The University shall endeavour to promote the principles for which Jawaharlal Nehru worked during his life-time which included national integration, social justice, secularism, democratic way of life, international understanding and scientific approach to the problems of society.

No candidate shall be eligible to register himself/herself for a full-time programme of study if he/she is already registered for any full-time programme of study in this University or any other University/Institution.

Degrees Offered

Degrees offered by the institute may be broadly classified into two categories:

  • M.A. Courses and
  • M.Phil/Ph.d Courses

Admission Notice

The Admission Announcement for admission to various programmes of study is published in Employment News & various newspapers all over India. The applications for admission to various programmes of study are invited from the intending candidates from first week of February and the last date for submission of filled in application forms is third week of March every year.

The Entrance Examination for admission to various programmes of study is held all over India in the third week of May every year on the dates determined each year by the Standing Committee on Admissions and subject to availability of Kendriya Vidyalayas. One question paper of three hours duration is set for the each programme of study or each set of programmes of study. The Entrance Examination is held for four days with two three-hour sessions on each day. This enables the University to have a far wider regional reach giving opportunity to a far larger number of candidates to seek admission in JNU. The University always reserves the right to change/cancel any Centre of Examination without assigning any reason. Any additions or deletions in the list of Centres of Examination are discussed in the meeting of the Standing Committee on Admissions and then placed before the competent
authority for approval.

Also Read: Vikramasila University

Banaras Hindu University (BHU)

Banaras Hindu University is a public central university located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. BHU is one of the largest residential universities in Asia, with over 20,000 students. The university comprises all castes, creeds, religions and genders, and is on the list of Institutes of National Importance. This Creative and innovative university was founded by the great nationalist leader, Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, in 1916 with cooperation of great personalities like Dr Annie Besant, who viewed it as the University of India. Banaras Hindu University was created under the Parliamentary legislation – B.H.U. Act 1915.

Admission

Banaras Hindu University conducts national level undergraduate (UET) and postgraduate (PET) entrance tests usually during May–June for admission. Admissions are done according to merit in the entrance tests, subject to fulfilling of other eligibility requirements.

Courses Offered

Admissions to B.Tech./B.Pharm., M.Tech./M.Pharm. are done through JEE and GATE respectively. Admission to MBA and MIBA are done through IIM-CAT score. Admissions for PhD are done on the basis of either qualification of National Eligibility Test (NET) by the candidates or through the scores of CRET (common research entrance test). Admissions in IMS are done through PMT exam.

Read Also: Takshila University

Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani)

Birla Institute of Technology & Science is an Indian institute of higher education and a deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956. The university focuses primarily on undergraduate education in engineering and the sciences and on its management programme. It is widely known as the best private engineering institute and stands among the top Engineering and B-schools of India.

The institute was established in its present form in 1964. During this period, the institute’s transformation from a regional engineering college to a national university was backed by G.D. Birla. BITS has established centres at Pilani, Goa, Hyderabad and Dubai.

The Birla Education Trust was founded in 1929; the intermediate college became a degree college and later offered postgraduate courses. The masters programme in electronics began in 1955.

Courses Offered

BITS Pilani offers four-year integrated first-degree programs in engineering, technology and pharmacy, a Master of Arts program and Master of Science programs in science and technology.

BITS Pilani offers master’s degrees in engineering, pharmacy, public health and business administration. The Department of Management at BITS Pilani was established in 1971. Its objective is to improve management for engineers seeking to work in the emerging industrial world. BITS-Pilani has also started a 3-year Integrated Master of Engineering program in Computer Science with specialization in Information Security in their Hyderabad campus. This program targets Bachelor of Science students who have majored in Physics, Mathematics or both.

Admission

Admission to BITS is based on student performance on the all-India Entrance Examination, the BITS Admission Test (BITSAT). The test, for which applications are submitted in December, is conducted online in May and June in cities all over India. The exam tests the candidate’s knowledge, reasoning and analytical abilities in English, physics, chemistry, mathematics and logical reasoning, and is based on higher secondary curricula in India and abroad. To be eligible for admission, students are required to obtain a minimum average grade of 75 percent in physics, chemistry and mathematics in their higher secondary examination.

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Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur)

The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), a public engineering institution, is established by the government of India in 1951. It is the first of the IITs to be established, and is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the government of India.

As part of Nehru’s dream for a free self-sufficient India, the institute was established to train scientists and engineers after India attained independence in 1947. It shares its organisational structure and undergraduate admission process with sister IITs. The students and alumni of IIT Kharagpur are informally referred to as KGPians. Among all IITs, IIT Kharagpur has the largest campus (2,100 acres), the most departments, and the highest student enrollment. IIT Kharagpur is known for its festivals: Spring Fest (Social and Cultural Festival) and Kshitij (Asia’s largest Techno-Management Festival).

The name “Indian Institute of Technology” was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. On 15 September 1956, the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act declaring it an Institute of National Importance. Prime Minister Nehru, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:

Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India’s urges, India’s future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolical of the changes that are coming to India.

Courses Offered

Candidates who qualify for admission through IIT-JEE can apply for admission in four-year BTech (Bachelor of Technology), five-year BArch degree, five-year Dual Degree (Integrated Bachelor of Technology and Master of Technology) and five-year integrated MSc (Master of Sciences) courses at IIT Kharagpur.

IIT Kharagpur offers postgraduate programmes including Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Business Administration (MBA), and Master of Sciences (MSc). Some specialised post graduate programmes offered by IIT Kharagpur include Master of Human Resource Management (MHRM), Postgraduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), Master in Medical Science and Technology (MMST), Master of City Planning (MCP), LL.B in Intellectual Property Law (LL.B Honors in IP Law), and Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation and Management (PGDMOM). The institute offers the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of its doctoral education programme.

The institute offers the Continuing Education Programme (CEP) for qualified engineers and scientists to learn technologies and developments in their academic disciplines.

Admission

Admission to most undergraduate and postgraduate courses in IIT Kharagpur is granted through written entrance examinations. Admissions to M.S.(by Research) and PhD programmes are based on written tests followed by personal interviews.

Admission to undergraduate programmes in all IITs is tied to the Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE). The admissions to postgraduate programmes (MTech) are made primarily through the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). Other postgraduate entrance exams include Joint Admission to MSc (JAM) for MSc, and Common Admission Test (CAT) conducted by IIMs for management studies.

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Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)

Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is a public university funded by the Government of India. It was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. The main campus of AMU is located in the city of Aligarh. AMU offers more than 300 courses in both traditional and modern branches of education. The university comprises all castes, creeds, religions and genders, and is a Institute of National Importance provided under Seventh Schedule of the Constitution at its commencement. It was established as Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind in 1875. The college started on 24 May 1875.

Courses Offered

Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is one of the oldest Central Universities in India. AMU offers around 325 undergraduate, post graduate and diploma courses. Various courses offered are such as M.B.B.S, BDS, B.Tech., B.Arch., B.A. (Hons.), B.Sc. (Hons.), B.Com, B.Com(Hons.), M.A., M.Sc., LLB, Senior Secondary School Certificate, Diploma in Engineering, etc.

Eligibility Criteria for Admission in AMU

The eligibility criterion for all the courses is different. You must have at least 50% marks in aggregate to apply.

Must Read: Goverenment Denies Aligarh Muslim University Minority Status

Quiz 340 – Practice Paper on Indian History

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Syskool
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1. Which of the following statement(s) about Chandragupta Maurya is/are correct?

He was the founder of Maurya dynasty.

He was the crowned king of Magadh.

He was not born a Prince.

(a) Only 1

(b) 1 and 3

(c) 2 and 3

(d) All of these.

 

2. Which of the following statement(s) about Ashoka is/are correct?

  1. He was the grandson of Chandragupta.
  2. He ruled over an empire that covered two-thirds of the Indian continent.
  3. He had chosen the stone pillars for his messages.

(a) Only 1

(b) 1 and 3

(c) 2 and 3

(d) All of these.

 

3. Assertion (A): Megasthenes was a Greek historian from the kingdom of Lonia.

Reason (R): The most important development after the fall of the Mauryas was the arrival of foreign tribal groups into India.

(a) A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true, but R is false.

(d) A is false, but R is true.

 

4. The Kushans ruled over north India from

(a) AD 150-300

(b) AD 100-300

(c) AD 50-300

(d) Ad 100-300

 

5. The School of Gandhara Art developed during the time of

(a) Theophilus

(b) Kanishka

(c) Selecucus-1

(d) Milindu

 

6. For the first time the prehistoric art appeared during

(a) Neolithic period

(b) Chalcolithic period

(c) Palaeolithic period

(d) None of these

 

7. In which year, Buddhism was introduced in China?

(a) First Century AD.

(b) First Century BC.

(c) Third Century AD.

(d) Third Century BC.

 

8. Which of the following was also known as Father of History?

(a) Magusthenes

(b) Niarcus

(c) Herodotus

(d) Aplutarch.

 

9. Where was the “Fire-Altars” founded?

(a) Mohenjodaro

(b) Mehargarh

(c) Harappa

(d) Kalibangan

 

10. “Harsha Charita” was written by

(a) Somadeva

(b) Harshavardhana

(c) Banabhatta

(d) Panini

 

Answers:

  1. (b) Somebody says that he came from a land of peacocks and that is why he was called ‘Maurya’, a word that comes from ‘Mayura’ that means peacock.
  2. (d) All statements are correct.
  3. (b) A and R is true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
  4. (c) They belonged to the Yuch-Chi tribe of China which moved towards the west.
  5. (b) He was the greatest Kushana ruler who ruled between AD 78 and 120. His capital was Purushapura. He started the Saka era that was later used as the official calendar of India.
  6. (c) The oldest painting have been discovered at Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh.
  7. (a)
  8. (c) Herodotus was also known as the father of History.
  9. (d) Kalibangan was the place where the “Fire-Altars” were founded.
  10. (c) Harsha Charita was written by Banabhatta.

Also Read:

Quiz 338 – Practice Paper of Indian Polity

Quiz 336 – Practice Paper on Indian Culture

Quiz 334 – Practice Paper on Indian History

Quiz 330 – Practice Paper on Indian Polity

US Amendment to Provide NATO Ally Status to India

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Syskool
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US Amendment

On Thursday, the lawmakers of the US amendment approved to a defense bill that proposes to draw India on a par with North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) allies for sale of defence equipment and technology transfer. The event shows and conforms at the same times the growing strength of India as a US partner.

One may term it as a coincidence, the US lawmakers didn’t stop with this proposal about India only they, showing their annoyance over Pakistan’s failure to curb terrorists groups, voted to increase restrictions on military aid for Pakistan, comprised in this demand  is immediate blockade on $ 450 Malians  in aid unless it (Pakistan) complied with certain conditions. This event, too, is of great importance because it shows that now Pakistan relations with US is on decline.

The passage of the National Defence Authorisation Act (NDDA) 2017 has been in much news in America due to the strategic stance it has taken,  to counter Beijing’s  expansionism, is at stake. Through this act with an eye on Indian subcontinent and Asia- Pacific region, the US lawmakers have moved to codify the much talked about Washington’s Asia pivot, A plan that incorporates the idea of strengthening India’s military muscle. This very move has been seen in the International arena as a clever step of US to check the soaring ambitions of china

Must Read: International Year of Pulses 2016 : United Nations

Provision Contained in the US Amendment to the Bill

The most important US Amendment has been sponsored by George Holding and Ami Bera belonging to House India Coucus Chairs and the Chair and ranking member of House Foreran Affaires Committee ,Ed Royce and Elliot Engel . The US Amendment (enhancing defense and security cooperation with India ) proposes to encourage greater defense trade and promote additional military cooperation between US and India.

This US Amendment intends to encourage the executive branch to come up with a  name of the official whose  main function would be to concentrate on  US – India defence cooperation, assist in the transfer of technology ,and maintain a special office solely for this purpose in the Pentagon. This office would be dedicated only to the US –India Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI ). This DTTI is the core of the military tie-up between India and United States.

That at the centre of the US Amendment is the acceptance of India’s status as a major defense partner of the US became quite obvious when George Holding, the US Congressman while moving this particular US Amendment in the House said, “Given the dynamic nature of the Indo-Pacific region and its importance to our own national security and future economic growth, now is the time to build on recent successes and propel the US – India strategic partnership forward.” Adding further to it he said that to accomplish this objective it requires the administration to take “such actions as may be necessary to recognise India’s status as a major defense partner of the US”.

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The Bill is Still not Law

A bill of similar nature has been moved by senators Mark Warner and John Cornyn and co- sponsored by senator Marco Rubio is going through the procedural steps of the Senate; after the reconciliation of these two bills, one version of the bill will be sent to the White House for the President’s, now Barak Obama’s, signature of approval.

 Need of the Amendments

The amendments now need the Pentagon:

  • To certify that Pakistan is conducting military operations to disrupt the Haqqani network;
  • To not let the Haqqani network use North Waziristan as a safe heaven;
  • To actively assist the Afghanistan’s Government in fighting the network along their bordzer; and
  • To certify that Pakistan is not using its military or any funds or equipment provided by the United States to persecute minority groups

The amendment to the omnibus $602 billion NDAA informs that the secretary of defence and secretary of state ,on an annual basis, are going to conduct an assessment of the  India’s strategic operational capabilities to support joint military operations  of  US and India.

The US Amendment also has called for making available and catering the transfer of advance technology that must be consistent with US conventional arms transfer policy. This particular US Amendment also suggests that this move is important to assist joint military planning with the Indian military for missions related to humanitarian help and disaster relief, counter piracy and missions to spread maritime domain awareness .

Also Read: National Industrial Corridor Authority Plan Abandoned

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ):  A brief introduction

NATO, as  a pillar of the cold war, brought to gather the united states and some European countries in to a political alliance as they fought  the Communists under the USSR- led Warsaw pact .Currently NATO’s significance, after the cold war and the evolution Warsaw pact, has turned in the direction of encouraging democracy , resolution of disputes, and crises management. In order to define its core tasks in the year 2010, NATO came out with the strategic concepts describing its tasks as: Collective defence, Crises-management and cooperative security.

Presently NATO has in its fold 28 member nations including the UK, France, Canada, Germany and Turkey.

Read Also: Writ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Courts

Signing NPT not a prerequisite for Nuclear Suppliers Group

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Syskool
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Nuclear Suppliers Group

On Friday, the Government of India rejected the China’s argument that India must sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) if it wants the membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). To counter the argument of China, the Government of India has come out with the argument, a sort of reminder, that France was included in the Elite list of Nuclear Suppliers Group without signing the Non-proliferation Treaty.

Clearing the stand of the Government of India the spokesperson of the External Affairs Ministry said, “I think there is some confusion here. Even the NPT allows civil nuclear cooperation with non-NPT countries. If there is a connection, it is between NSG and IAEA safeguards and with export controls”. Adding further the spokesperson said, “Nuclear Suppliers Group members have to respect safeguards and export controls NSG guidelines. The NSG is an ad hoc export control regime and France, which was a member of the NSG since it respected NSG objectives.

Must Read: Supreme Court Upholds Validity of Criminal Defamation

Background of the controversy over Nuclear Suppliers Group

Recently, a news about China’s getting in the way of India’s attempt to obtain the membership of the widely acclaimed Elite list of Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) got enough prominence to become a controversy. On the part of China it had been said that all the multilateral non-proferation export regime, even the NSG, regarded NTP as an important standard for the expansion of NSG. And hence, members of the nuclear supplier group should be party to NPT.

Current Position of the controversy of NSG

Responding to the pointed accusation from not only the Indian Government of India but also from the entire Indian media the spokesperson of the China’s Foreign Ministry, Lu kung, in a bid to clear the stance of the Chinese Government, said “Apart from India a lot of other countries expressed their willingness to join. Then it raised the question to the international community- shall the non-NPT members also become the part of the Nuclear Suppliers Group?” He further added (that) “China’s position is not directed against any specific country but applies to all the non-NPT members”.

Moving a step further with an intension to ease the tension that the Nuclear Suppliers Group, issue had developed between India and China, the vice-minister of foreign affairs of China, denying that his country was creating a hurdle in India’s bid for acquiring a seat in Elite Nuclear Suppliers Group, said that China was willing to “work” with the members of non-NPT 48 nation grouping including India to find a way out. To quote Liu Zhenmin, the Chinese Vice-minister of foreign affairs “Members of the nuclear Suppliers Group should be party to NPP. So, I think China will also work with others including Indian colleagues together to find a solution.”

It has been speculated in the Indian political circle that during his visit to Beijing next week, the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, is going to raise this issue and seek a clarification.

Read Also: British Relations with Tibet

About NSG (Nuclear Supplier Group)

In May 1974 in a response to the Indian Nuclear Test, the NSG Nuclear Supplier Group was founded with an objective to limit the export to nuclear equipments, materials a technology. However, NSG not for the first time on Novemebr 1975, almost one and half years after its foundation.

The Nuclear Suppliers Group, in the beginning, had seven participating member states. The number of member increased to fifteen that included countries like Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Italy, East Germany etc. Up to 1990 twelve more members joined the NSG. China got the status of participating Government in 2004 in the NSG. As of 2014 the Nuclear Suppliers Group has 48 members in its fold. The NSG Chair Country for 2014-15 is Argentina.

Also Read: Nuclear Security Summit (NSS)

NSG’s role in India-US nuclear deal

In order to cement the deal of Civilian Nuclear Trade with India, in July 2006 the United States Congress amended US Law. In meeting of NSG participating Governments on September 6, 2008, it was decided to grant India a “Clean Waiver” from the NSG’s existing terms and conditions that did not permit nuclear trade with a country which had not signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treating (NTP). This decision of the Nuclear Suppliers Group was a result of the three day’s intense diplomacy executed on the part of the USA.

The approval of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, officially, came in the wake of a formal pledge taken by India in which it said that it was not going to share sensitive nuclear technology or material with other nations and abide by its voluntary moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. This pledge of India was the part of a crucial statement that India issued when the meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group was in the process. In this statement India had presented the outline of its policies on disarmament and nonproliferation.

Support for India’s bid in getting the membership of NSG

  • The United States of America President Barak Obama in his state visit to India in November 2010 had supported India’s participation in Nuclear Suppliers Group.
  • United Kingdom has been a supporter of India’s inclusion in Nuclear Suppliers Group for a long time.
  • French President Sarkozy, during his visit to India in December 2010, had also disclosed his country’s backing for India’s inclusion in the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
  • Again, during his Republic Day Visit to India, Barak Obama, the President of USA, said that India was ready for NSG membership. China’s Foreign Ministry although offering conditional support for Indian membership in the NSG, it also called for “prudence and caution” over the issue.

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International Year of Pulses 2016 : United Nations

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International year of pulses

Bringing pulses in the focus of the year 2016, the 68th UN General Assembly has declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (IYP 2016) with an objective ‘to heighten public awareness of nutritional benefits of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed towards food security and nutrition. The Year will create a unique opportunity to encourage connections throughout the food chain that would better utilize the pulse-based proteins, further global production of pulses, better crop rotation and address the challenges in the trade of pulses.’

Background

In 2011, Mr. Hakan Bahceci, after becoming the President of CICILS that is now known as Global Pulse Federation, decided to promote pulses for the welfare of mankind as a whole. It goes to the credit of his efforts that the UN granted support to his mission and made the announcement of International Year of Pulses 2016.

Must Read: United Nations (UN) and its Principal Organs

About UN (United Nations)

United Nations, founded in 1945 after World War II, is an international organization with a mission to maintain World peace, develop good relations between countries, encourage cooperation in solving the problems of the World and promote respect for human being.

The UN, an organization of countries which promise to cooperate with one another, brings together countries (rich or poor, large or small) that have different social and political systems.

Membership to the United Nation (UN) is open to any country, who is willing to promote the mission of UN and follow its rules. Member nations of the UN take a vow to fix their disputes peacefully, to abstain from using the threat of force against other countries, and to decline help to any country that opposes UN activities.

In order to fulfill its needs of money to function smoothly and efficiently it gets its annual funding from the Governments of its 192 members. The contribution made by any member country depends on its ability to pay.

Read Also: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

About UN General Assembly

UN General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the UN (United Nations). The UN General Assembly, that deliberates on major issues, is like a World parliament in which all member nations have equal representation. The Assembly meets every year from September to December in New York. It conducts debates and votes on various issues ranging from pollution to terrorism.

The Un General Assembly, as it has no direct power to get things done, can only recommend actions to other bodies; however the Assembly has got the power to expel or suspend a member. To pass resolutions on important matters the Assembly needs the votes of two-third member countries.

Also Read: Brief History of United States of America

Nutritive value of Pulses

Pulses are very adjustable and grow in hot dry climate of Middle East to super freezing temperatures of the Siberian Tundra. Pulses, once dried and stored in airtight containers, have a log shell life.

Pulses conserve water as they require very little amount; growing a pound of pulses needs just 42 gallons of water while soyabean needs 216 and peanuts quaff 368 gallons.

As all these factors make pulses a very sustainable crop, the global pulse market is a whooping 60 million tones and is certain to grow after people find more uses for them.

Pulses are very rich in proteins (20 to 25%). The proteins ingrained in pulses are deficient in the essential amino acid and methionine. However, pulses, when combined with cereals they supplement each other and provide protein that can be compared with animal protein, because cereals are deficient in Lysine.

Pulses have 55-60% of carbohydrates of complex type. Their digestion is slow. Pulses when eaten with the Skin or husk  or seed, provide a fair amount of dietry fibre that slows down the digestion and absorption of the carbohydrate fraction due to which blood suger rises slowly; this is a blessing to the patients of diabetes.

Pulses are not only good sources of major minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium and phosphorous, but also are good sources of B vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. These are enhanced during sprouting and it is during sprouting too that vitamin sprouting and it is increases many folds.

One of the most advantageous factors of the pulses is that the vitamins and minerals remain present in the body of the pulses; therefore, no losses happen during removal of the seed coat.

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Versatility of Pulses

Since eternity pulses have been part of human diet. Pulses are versatile as their use is not confined to just whole pulse dishes and dals to be taken with rice and chapatti. They can be combined in the daily menu right from soup and starters to salads and main dish and even deserts.

One cup of dried pulses on soaking and cooking deliver 2.5 to 3 times their volume and are, thus, very economical too. Half a cup serving of cooked beans is equivalent to 30 gram meat. Tinned beans and peas are very easy to get and use. It has been famously said, and said very rightly, that if cereals are king then pulses are Queen.

Other side of Pulses

There are certain compounds, incorporated in pulses, that are produced as a protective mechanism but act as anti-nutritional factors for human beings. Although they cause mild to serious ailments, they can be controlled, thus rendered harmless, by some pre-processing such as soaking, sprouting or germinations before cooking. Doctors don’t suggest to eat them raw. Only mung and moth beans can be safely eaten raw after sprouting.

As there is no dearth or recipes using pulses, since the announcement of IYP 2016, pulse associations all over the World have come forward to promote pulses. Various programmes are being planned to celebrate the pulses. Indian Pulse Association is also playing a very important role in these events celebrating IPY 2016.

Also Read: Supreme Court on the Uttrakhand’s Constitutional Crisis

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