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Interesting Facts About Congress Presidents

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Syskool
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rahul gandhi congress president

Rahul Gandhi took over the Presidency of Congress Party (Indian National Congress) from his mother Sonia Gandhi after 19 years of her reign. He was the only contestant for the post in the election, hence won unopposed.

After Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, and Sonia Gandhi, he became the sixth member to become the president of Congress from the Nehru family.

The Congress party is the oldest ruling party of free India. The party has led the central government for 49 years.

Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee also known as Umesh Chandra Banerjee was elected as the first president of the first session of the Congress that included 72 other delegates from various provinces and princely states in Mumbai.

George Yule was first non-Indian President, Badruddin Tyabji was first Muslim President and Annie Basent was first woman President of Indian National Congress.

Rash Bihari Ghosh was the president of Congress, when Indian National Congress Split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates.

In the 15 general elections since independence, the Congress has won on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition another four times.

JB Kripalani was the President of Indian National Congress when India won its freedom.

Pattabhi Sitaramayya was the first Congress President to be elected in Independent India.

It is interesting to note that Thirteen Indian Prime Ministers were members of Congress party at some point of time.

Seven (Jawaharlal Nehru, Gulzarilal Nanda, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P V Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh) were active members at the time of their prime ministerial tenure. And Six (Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, V P Singh, Chandra Sekhar, H D Deve Gowda, I K Gujral) had been members of the Congress before their appointment.

List of Presidents of Indian National Congress

  1. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee – 1885
  2. Dadabhai Naoroji – 1886
  3. Badruddin Tyabji – 1887
  4. George Yule – 1888
  5. William Wedderburn – 1889
  6. Pherozeshah Mehta – 1890
  7. Anandacharlu – 1891
  8. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee – 1892
  9. Dadabhai Naoroji – 1893
  10. Alfred Webb – 1894
  11. Surendranath Banerjee – 1895
  12. Rahimtulla M. Sayani – 1896
  13. C. Sankaran Nair – 1897
  14. Anandamohan Bose – 1898
  15. Romesh Chunder Dutt – 1899
  16. N. G. Chandavarkar – 1900
  17. Dinshaw Edulji Wacha – 1901
  18. Surendranath Banerjee – 1902
  19. Lalmohan Ghosh – 1903
  20. Henry Cotton – 1904
  21. Gopal Krishna Gokhale – 1905
  22. Dadabhai Naoroji – 1906
  23. Rashbihari Ghosh – 1907-08
  24. Madan Mohan Malaviya – 1909
  25. William Wedderburn – 1910
  26. Bishan Narayan Dar – 1911
  27. Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar – 1912
  28. Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur – 1913
  29. Bhupendra Nath Bose – 1914
  30. Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha – 1915
  31. Ambica Charan Mazumdar – 1916
  32. Annie Besant – 1917
  33. Madan Mohan Malaviya – 1918
  34. Syed Hasan Imam – 1918
  35. Motilal Nehru – 1919
  36. Lala Lajpat Rai – 1920
  37. C. Vijayaraghavachariar – 1920
  38. Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das – 1921-22
  39. Mohammad Ali Jouhar – 1923
  40. Abul Kalam Azad – 1923
  41. Mohandas Gandhi – 1924
  42. Sarojini Naidu – 1925
  43. S. Srinivasa Iyengar – 1926
  44. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari – 1927
  45. Motilal Nehru – 1928
  46. Jawaharlal Nehru – 1929-30
  47. Vallabhbhai Patel – 1931
  48. Madan Mohan Malaviya – 1932
  49. Nellie Sengupta – 1933
  50. Rajendra Prasad – 1934-35
  51. Jawaharlal Nehru – 1936-37
  52. Subhas Chandra Bose – 1938
  53. Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after he resigned in 1939
  54. Abul Kalam Azad – 1940–46
  55. J. B. Kripalani – 1947
  56. Pattabhi Sitaraimayya – 1948-49
  57. Purushottam Das Tandon – 1950
  58. Jawaharlal Nehru – 1951-54
  59. U. N. Dhebar – 1955-59
  60. Indira Gandhi – 1959
  61. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy – 1960-63
  62. K. Kamaraj – 1964-67
  63. S. Nijalingappa – 1968-69
  64. Jagjivan Ram – 1970-71
  65. Shankar Dayal Sharma – 1972–74
  66. Devakanta Barua – 1975–77
  67. Indira Gandhi – 1978–84
  68. Rajiv Gandhi – 1985–91
  69. P. V. Narasimha Rao – 1992–96
  70. Sitaram Kesri – 1996–98
  71. Sonia Gandhi – 1998–2017
  72. Rahul Gandhi – 2017–Present

Major Rivers in India

By
Syskool
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Rivers in India

Rivers in India are given religious importance. Rivers in India are considered to be holy and sacred. The famous rivers in India have a very important space in the heart of every Indian. Hindu Mythology considers these rivers in India as Gods. There are many festivals in India which can’t be celebrated without these famous rivers in India.

List of Rivers in India are:

Brahmaputra River

The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers in India and in Asia Continent. This trans-boundary river is called the Brahmaputra in India but is known by the name of Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet. The Brahmaputra conceived its name from Sanskrit word Brahma means god and Putra mean son. This rivers in India is considered as the son of god. The Brahmaputra is the biggest river in India. This river originates from Kailasa range of the Himalaya and flows down to its massive delta and the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra River is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore.

Read Also: Indian River Systems

Chenab River

Chenab is a river that originates from the confluence of Chandra and Bhaga Rivers of Himachal Pradesh. This rivers in India is considered as clean as the moon. The Chenab River is formed by the merger at Tandi which is located in the upper Himalayas in Lahul and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh. Chenab also flows through some regions of Pakistan. Chenab after its origination moves to Jammu and from there it comes to Punjab where it meets Jhelum River.

Ganges River

The Ganges is a major river in the Indian subcontinent flowing east through the plains of northern India into Bangladesh. This river begins at the Gangotri Glacier in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, in the central Himalayas, and drains into the Bay of Bengal through its vast delta in the Sunderbans.

The river Ganges is a sacred river and the Hindus believe that if one takes a bath in this rivers in India, then all your sins will be forgiven and it helps in attaining salvation. Some of the most important Hindu festivals and religious congregations are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganges, such as the Kumbh Mela and the Chhat Puja.

Must Read: What is the mythological story behind the Kumbh festival ?

Godavari River

River Godavari is one of the seven sacred rivers in India. Godavari River flows through Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh and then it falls into the Bay of Bengal near Rajahmundry. This river is worshipped in south India just like the Ganges in the north. This river originates from western India at Trimbak in Nasik of the state of Maharashtra. Godavari River has Indravati River, Manjira River, Bindusara River, and Sabari River as her tributaries. This river after crossing through Andhra Pradesh turns towards south India. River Godavari is longest in the south India.

Jhelum River

The River Jhelum was called by the name Vitista in the ancient times and is mentioned in Rig Veda. The River Jhelum originates from a spring at Verinag, located at the foot of the Pir Panjal which is in the south-eastern part of the valley of Kashmir. This river goes to Srinagar after its origination and then after it proceeds towards Pakistan.

River Jhelum is a tributary of River Indus and is the largest of the five rivers of Punjab. It is said that Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in 326 BC at the Battle of the Hydaspes River where he defeated the Indian king, Porus.

Kaveri River

Indian peninsula has five major rivers in India naming Mahanadi, Godavari, Narmada, and Krishna and Kaveri. The River Kaveri is the smallest of the five rivers of this Peninsula. Kaveri is the most sacred river of the south India. It is worshipped like the Ganges by the south Indians. This is the reason it is famous by the name of Dakshin Ganga or the Ganges of the south.

The River Kaveri flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri river is joined by two small rivers and it is then collected at Krishnaraj Sagar reservoir, on the bank of which the very beautiful Mysore – Brindavan garden are situated.

Don’t Miss: Rivers World

Krishna River

Krishna is very clean and one of the longest rivers in India. Krishna River originates from Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra and goes into the mouth of Bay of Bengal. Krishna River flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. On the banks of River Krishna near Sangli of Maharashtra, there are two pilgrimages namely Audumber and Narsobawadi.

An interesting fact about this rivers in India is that it originates from the mouth of a statue of a cow in the ancient temple of Mahadev (Lord Shiva) in Mahabaleshwar. The water of Krishna River is pure and it enriches the black soil near its bank.

Mahanadi River

Mahanadi is having its origin at Chattisgarh and it flows through the state of Orissa and finally ends up in the mouth of Bay of Bengal. Mahanadi is one the river that drains the substantial part of peninsular India.The largest dam in the world, the Hirakund dam is built on Mahanadi River. This river irrigates the fertile land of Mahanadi Valley where intensive cultivation of rice, oilseeds, sugarcane is done. The States of Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa shares the water of Mahanadi.

Read Also: Important River Valley Projects in India

Narmada River

River Narmada is the fifth largest rivers in India. River Narmada flows in the central India through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, and Maharashtra. This river forms a traditional boundary between North India and South India.This river is also called by the name of Shankari (Shiva’s daughter) since it is believed to have originated from the body of Lord Shiva. On the banks of this holy river, there are many pilgrimages like Maheshwar, Mahadeo, and Omkareshwar, named after Lord Shiva. The Narmada is considered as the peace giver.

Ravi River

Ravi is a river which flows through India and Pakistan. This trans-national river is one of the five sister rivers in Punjab which give the state its name. Having its source of origin in the Himalayas this rivers in India starts its journey from Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh. Ravi is having the historical importance since on its western bank in Pakistan the tombs of Jahangir and Noor Jahan are built in the Shahdara Bagh. Lahore city is on its eastern bank. The name Ravi is given since its water is pure and clean and shines like sunlight.

Saraswati River

Saraswati River has derived her name after the goddess of knowledge, Maa Saraswati. River Saraswati is said to be a mythical rivers in India since there is no signs of its origin. It is believed that this river flows under the two holy rivers Ganga and Yamuna. All these holy rivers in India meet at a point in Allahabad (known as Prayag in ancient times).

Satluj River

Satluj River is the longest of five rivers in India flowing through the state of Punjab in India. Satluj also forms historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. River Satluj has its source as Lake Rakshastal in Tibet near Mount Kailasa. Satluj is also called as the red river. The region to its south and east is called as Great Indian Desert or the Thar Desert.

Indus River

River Sindhu or Indus River is one of longest rivers in India. Indus/Sindhu is the longest river flowing through Pakistan. Due to its Trans-national character, it is also called as father of rivers in India. This river is also called as the life-line of Pakistan. Its origin takes place in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar. Indus or Sindhu River forms a delta at Sindh province of Pakistan which is called by the name of Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers). This delta is a result of the collaboration of Sindhu River with the other six rivers in India naming Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Satluj, Ravi and Saraswati.

Tapi River

Tapti River is also known by the name of Tapi River. Tapti River is one of the three rivers in India which flow from east to west. This rivers in India rise from the Satpura range of southern Madhya Pradesh. Tapti goes from Madya Pradesh to Maharashtra and then to Gujrat and then finally ends up there in the Arabian Sea.

Must Read: World’s 10 Greatest  Ocean or Seas, Deserts, and Mountains

Beas River

River Vyas is one of the five rivers in India that flow in the state of Punjab. River Vyas is also named as Beas. This river originates from Himalaya in central Himachal Pradesh. River Vyas after beginning its journey from Rohtang Pass at Himachal Pradesh and from there its flows to the western Punjab and then merges to Sutlej River.

Vyas River is named after the author of great Hindu epic, the Mahabharata. It is believed that Lord Shiva cut the Bhrigu Tung Mountain with his trishula to create a path which is now called as Rohtang pass. The interesting fact about this rivers in India is that it was marked as the eastern most border of Alexander the great conquest in 326 BC.

Yamuna River

River Yamuna is a holy Indian river that originates from Bundar Poonch glaciers, located in the Indian state Uttaranchal. Jamuna, as this river called by its Hindi name, begins its journey from Jamunotri in the north of Himalayan Ranges. The  Yamuna rises near Jamunotri and then begin its journey through Mathura Vrindavan.

After its long journey, she moves to southern India and then meets the Ganges at a point called Prayag. The Yamuna according to Hindu Mythology is considered to be more sacred than the Ganges since Lord Krishna use to play near the Yamuna. River Yamuna has a rich flora and fauna around it and shelters various wild animals.

Also, Read: 

Literature of Ancient India: Sanskrit Drama

Hindu Literature

The Bhakti Movement of the Medieval Age

Water on the Earth

By
Syskool
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1
Water on the Earth

97 percent of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen fresh water is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air.

India is endowed with a rich and vast diversity of natural resources, water being one of them. Its development and management play a vital role in agriculture production. Integrated water management is vital for poverty reduction, environmental sustenance, and sustainable economic development.

Fresh water on the earth is a renewable resource, yet the world’s supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing, with depletion occurring most prominently in Asia and North America, although it is still unclear how much natural renewal balances this usage, and whether ecosystems are threatened. The framework for allocating water resources to water users (where such a framework exists) is known as water rights.

Don’t Miss: Water Resources in India

Surface water on the earth is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, and sub-surface seepage.

Brazil is the country estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia and Canada.

It is estimated that 70% of worldwide water on the earth use is for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable. It takes around 2,000 – 3,000 liters of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person’s daily dietary need.

It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water on the earth is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent.

Must Read: Water Resources in India

It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water on the earth use is for household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, sanitation, and gardening.

Environmental water on the earth usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladders, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes.

Water pollution is one of the main concerns of the world today. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters; this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal, and Iran. Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water on the earth.

Also, Read:

Ken-Betwa Project : Panel warns of Ecological Harms

Indian River Systems

Water Regulatory Authority And River Basin Masterplan

From 29 Labour Laws to 4 Labour Codes

By
Syskool
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labour code

To reform the outmoded Labour laws and to facilitate the ease of doing business in India, the Government of India has consolidated twenty-nine (29) central Labour laws into four (4) Labour codes.

Government Upgrading Norms For The Greater Good And Organised Objective

“Driving Synergies, Simplification and Harmonization”

With the new codes, the primary motive is to cover more than 50 Crore Workers from Organized, Un-Organized and Self-Employment Sector with a humanistic approach, to provide them Social Security, to maintain a cordial Industrial Relation through occupational safety and healthy working conditions, ensuring financial and employment stability, redefining many “terms” to avoid confusion and conflict of interest, to ease conditions of doing business, to enhance fines and imprisonment terms for violators of the Code, to ensure better compliance and re-designating various enforcement. 

Know More about New Labour Codes

Code on Wages – 2019

  • The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 
  • The Payment of Wages Act, 1936 
  • The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
  • The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 

Social Security Code – 2020

  • The EPF and M.P. Act, 1952
  • The ESIC Act, 1948
  • The Maternity Benefit Act,1961 
  • The Building and other Construction Workers Cess Act
  • The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 
  • The Employees Exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959 
  • The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981 
  • The Unorganized Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008 
  • Employees Compensation Act, 1923 

The Occupational Safety, Health, And Working Conditions Code – 2020

  • Factories Act, 1948
  • Mines Act, 1951 
  • Dock Workers (safety, Health and Welfare Act, 1986) 
  • The Building and other Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996
  • The Plantations Labor Act, 1951 
  • The Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act,1970
  • The Inter-State Migrant workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 
  • The Working Journalist and other News Paper Employees (Conditions of Service and Misc. Provision) Act, 1955 
  • The Working Journalist (Fixation of rates of wages) Act, 1958 
  • The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961 
  • Sales Promotion Employees (Condition of Service) Act, 1976 
  • The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966 
  • The Cine Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers Act, 1981

The Industrial Relations Code – 2020 

  • Industrial Employment Standing Order Act 1946
  • Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 
  • Trade Unions Act, 1926

Major Oil Refineries of India

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Syskool
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oil refineries india

Coastal Oil Refineries of India

Haldia (IOC), West Bengal – Primary based on imported crude oil. It also gets oil from Assam.

Vishakhapattanam (HPCL), Andhra Pradesh –Based on Imported cude oil.

Kochi (KRL, BPCL), Kerala –Based on imported crude oil.

Mangalore, Karnataka – The refinery here was previously a joint venture later bacame a governemnt undertaking after ONCG bough most of the shares of Manglore Refinary and Petrochemicals. It is based on imported crude oil.

Chennai (CPCL), Tamil Nadu –Based on crude oil.

Trombay (HPCL and BPCL), Mumbai Maharashtra – Here crude oil is obtained from Bombay High and Ankaleshwar.

Jamnagar (RPL), Gujarat –A private sector refinary run by the Reliance group. It is based on crude oil. It is the largest refinary in the country.

Paradeep, Odisha – Here the refinary has been established with the cooperation of Kuwait.

Ratnagiri, Maharashtra – Establishment of the refinery is in cooperation with Oman.

Nagapatnam, Tamil Nadu (CPCL) – Based on imported crude oil

Tatipaka (ONGC), Andhra Pradesh – Based on imported crude oil.

Vadinar (ESSAR), Gujarat – A private sector unit based on imported crude oil.

Market-based Oil Refineries

Barauni (IOC), Bihar – It has been established with the cooperation with Russia. Oil is brought from Naharkatiya Area, Assam. The dense population of Bihar provides it the market facility.

Mathura (IOC), Uttar Pradesh – Here, Oil is imported from Iraq. Oil is brought here from Haldia through pipelines.

Karnal (IOC), Haryana

Bina, Madhya Pradesh – Here, a refinery is being established (with the cooperation of Oman).

Bhatinda, Punjab

Raw Material Based Oil Refineries of India

Digboi (IOC), Assam – Based on local crude oil.

Bongaigaon (BRPL), Assam – Based on local crude oil.

Noonmati Guwahati (IOC), Assam – Crude oil is brought from Naharkatya area

Numaligarh (BPCL), Assam

Koyali (IOC), Gujarat – Largest public sector company. Crude oil of Gujarat is refined here.

Itarsi, Madhya Pradesh

Kandla, Gujarat

Marmgaon, Goa

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