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Important Government Schemes for Poverty Eradication

By
Syskool
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2
poverty eradication

Mahatma Gandhi had once stated, “True Democracy can not be worked by some men sitting in top. It has to be worked from below by the people of every village”. He had a firm opinion that the soul of India lies in villages. So the democracy in a real sense also lies in the village. According to him, villages are the backbone of India’s Economy and since ancient period Panchayats have been the nerve of Indian village service. Government of India as well as different States are now increasingly soliciting the assistance of the PRIs in the implementation of various schemes as well as programmes linked to poverty eradication.

It was the Balawant Rai Mehta committee that first recommended the establishment of Panchayti Raj on the principle of democratic decentralization. Under the scheme was propounded a three tier system of local-self government with Panchayats at the village level, Panchayt Samitis at the block level and Zila Parishad at the district level. Each tier was to be fundamentally tied to the next higher tier by indirect election. It was only for Panchayats at the village level that the direct election was promulgated.

The Natioanl Development Council accepted , in principle, the recommendation of the Balwant Rai Mehta committee in 1958. In 1959 Rajasthan and immediately after that Andhra Pradesh became the first state to establish Panchayat Raj System.

Must Read: Poverty Alleviation Programs in India

The Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)

The 73rd Amend Act of 1992 introduced the electoral system of the composition of the units of local government below the district level.This amendment paved the way for adding a new schedule to the constitution of India that provides a well-defined role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in rural development. One more important step was taken,following the Amendment,when on April 24,1993 the new Panchayati Raj came into force.

Schemes for Poverty Eradication

The Union Government and the states have carved out a specific role to PRIs in context of the XI the scheduled and the Five Year Plans. Programmes that PRIs have to perform for poverty eradication are:

Swarna Jayanti Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY)

It is self employment programme that comprises the earlier anti-poverty eradication programmes such as the Intgrated Rural Development(IRDP); Training of Rural Development for Self-Employment (TRYSEM); Development of women and children in Rural Areas (DWCRA);Million wells scheme (MWS). In order to improve the effectiveness of all these self employment generating programmes, they all,after being redesigned and restructured, have been merged into the Swarna Jayanti Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY) from April 1,1999. The SGSY envelopes all aspects of self employment that embraces organizing the rural poor into Self Help groups (SHGs).

Also Read: Poverty – Worst form of Voilence

Samagra Awas Yojna (SAY)

As a comprehensive housing scheme SAY has been launched in 1999-2000 on a pilot project in one block of each of 25 districts in 24 states and in only one Union Territory. The scheme aims to ensure integrated provision of shelter, sanitation and drinking water through people’s participation.

Sampoorn Gramin Rozgar Yojna (SGRY)

Launched on 1 September 2001, SGRY’s aim is to cater wage employment in rural areas. It solicits to ensure food security to the poor. The ongoing Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna (JGSY)and Employment assurance Scheme (EAS) have been fully integrated within SGRY from April 2002. SGRY is being implemented on cost sharing basis of 75 : 25 between centre and states.

Prime Minister’s Gramodya Yojana (PMGY)

With an aim to remove rural poverty eradication PMGY was launched in 2000-2001. The main focus of this scheme is in village development in five critical areas viz. Health, primary education,drinking water,housing and rural roads. PMGY includes three schemes : (a) PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Swarozgar Yojana), (b) Gram Awas Yojana ,(c) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojna (Rural Drinking Water Project).The chief objective of PMGY is to uplift the living standards of the rural poor by improving their quality of life.

Antyodaya Ann Yojna (AAY)

Under this scheme, that was initiated in December 2000, all BPL families are getting 25 kg of rice/wheat per month at the rate of Rs.3 and 2/- per kg. Many other programmes such as 20 point Programme, Minimum needs Programme, etc. Are part of AAY.

In order to poverty eradication and make rural development through PRIs, it is imperative the schemes running through PRIs be provided with sufficient fund at proper time. State Governments must take special interest in trainning Panchayat people for proper implementation of schemes and to maintain accounts.

Read Also: POVERTY : THE BANE OF MODERN TIMES

Ajanta Caves – A UNESCO World Heritage Site

By
Syskool
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5
ajanta caves

Ajanta cave is a name collectively given to a group of about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments. The caves are situated in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The Ajanta caves are given the status of UNESCO world heritage site since 1983 and are also protected under the care of Archaeological Survey of India. The Ajanta caves consist majorly of Buddhist religious art depicting Jataka tales and figures of Buddha. They include both paintings and sculpture which makes it a delightful tourist attraction to visit. The Ajanta caves are carved out from the side of a solid rock which is on the southern side of a U-shaped gorge made on the small river called Waghur. The caves form a horse-shoe shape. The degree of skill, originality, and creativity with which they are built is commendable.

Read Also: The Rig Veda Age : Religion and Philosophy

The caves date back to about 2nd century BCE to 650 CE and were built into two phases that are  Satavahana phase and Vakataka phase. The first phase is also called Hinayana phase when buddha was followed symbolically and therefore the first phase lacks sculptures and stupas are found instead. The second phase is also called Mahayana phase when buddha was depicted as a human and in this phase, the images of buddha as sculpture or paintings are found in the Ajanta caves.ajanta caves

The caves are numbered from 1 to 30 but not in a chronological order. The Ajanta caves are numbered on the basis of their location, beginning with cave 1 on the northern side. Out of the 30 caves, 5 are chaityagrihas and the rest of them are viharas. Chaityagrihas are the places where monks used to worship and they used to reside inside the viharas. Cave 1 is the most famous cave when buddha is shown seated during the most remarkable incident of his life called ‘Dharmachakrapravartana’. The ceilings are adorned with geometric designs and motifs. A ceiling painting that depicts a running elephant surrounded by flowers was chosen as the official logo of Indian tourism department.

Must Read: Ancient India

Ajanta caves are famous for its mural paintings which fall into two broad phases. The paintings at Ajanta are known to be the fountainhead of all the classic paintings of Asia. The earliest are found in the caves number 9 and 10 which are datable to second century B.C.  The second phase started around 5th-6th centuries A.D. and these exemplary paintings found in cave number 1,2,16 and 17 belong to vakataka period.  The main theme of the paintings is a depiction of the life stories of Buddha. The paintings are on a dry fresco that is they are painted on a dry plastered surface rather than on the wet plaster which is the conventional form of painting murals and that is why it makes them different from other mural paintings.

The paintings at Ajanta inspired many Indian painters to observe the ancient techniques and blending them with the modern style which helped them in developing their own distinct style. Nandlal Bose and Abanindranath Tagore are among the prominent ones.

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Noise Characterization and Mitigation in Quantum Systems

By
Kumar Prafull
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0
noise characterization and mitigation in quantum system

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Importance of Noise Characterization
  3. Types of Noise in Quantum Systems
  4. Markovian vs Non-Markovian Noise
  5. Relaxation (T₁) and Dephasing (T₂)
  6. Crosstalk and Control Errors
  7. Gate and Readout Errors
  8. Noise Spectroscopy Techniques
  9. Quantum Process Tomography
  10. Gate Set Tomography (GST)
  11. Randomized Benchmarking (RB)
  12. Interleaved and Simultaneous RB
  13. Quantum Error Correction (QEC)
  14. Quantum Error Mitigation (QEM)
  15. Zero-Noise Extrapolation
  16. Probabilistic Error Cancellation
  17. Dynamical Decoupling
  18. Decoherence-Free Subspaces
  19. Machine Learning for Noise Estimation
  20. Conclusion

1. Introduction

Quantum systems are inherently sensitive to environmental and control-induced noise, which can degrade quantum coherence and reduce the reliability of computation and communication. Characterizing and mitigating noise is essential for building fault-tolerant quantum systems.

2. Importance of Noise Characterization

  • Enables accurate quantum simulation
  • Guides hardware improvements
  • Informs error correction protocols
  • Validates quantum algorithm fidelity

3. Types of Noise in Quantum Systems

  • Bit-flip (X)
  • Phase-flip (Z)
  • Depolarizing
  • Amplitude damping
  • Phase damping
  • Leakage and crosstalk

4. Markovian vs Non-Markovian Noise

  • Markovian: memoryless, described by Lindblad master equation
  • Non-Markovian: involves memory effects and history-dependent evolution

5. Relaxation (T₁) and Dephasing (T₂)

  • T₁: energy loss from excited state to ground
  • T₂: loss of phase coherence
    T₂ ≤ 2T₁ due to fundamental decoherence channels.

6. Crosstalk and Control Errors

  • Crosstalk: interference between adjacent qubits or control lines
  • Control errors: miscalibration of pulses, timing, or frequencies

7. Gate and Readout Errors

  • Imperfect quantum gates introduce unitary and stochastic errors
  • Readout infidelity arises from detector noise and SPAM (state preparation and measurement) errors

8. Noise Spectroscopy Techniques

Used to characterize spectral density of noise:

  • Ramsey fringes
  • Spin echo
  • CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill)
  • Filter function formalism

9. Quantum Process Tomography

Fully reconstructs quantum operations:

  • Measures how input states transform under a noisy process
  • Sensitive to SPAM errors
  • Not scalable for large systems

10. Gate Set Tomography (GST)

  • Provides complete, self-consistent characterization of gates, SPAM, and errors
  • Scalable to few-qubit systems
  • Requires long sequence fitting and high-fidelity measurements

11. Randomized Benchmarking (RB)

  • Uses random Clifford gate sequences
  • Estimates average gate error
  • Robust to SPAM
  • Easily extended to interleaved and simultaneous variants

12. Interleaved and Simultaneous RB

  • Interleaved RB: measures fidelity of a specific gate
  • Simultaneous RB: characterizes crosstalk and parallel gate performance

13. Quantum Error Correction (QEC)

Encodes logical qubits across multiple physical qubits:

  • Detects and corrects bit-flip and phase-flip errors
  • Requires fault-tolerant thresholds
  • Examples: surface code, Bacon-Shor code, Steane code

14. Quantum Error Mitigation (QEM)

Reduces error in computation outputs without full QEC:

  • Useful for NISQ devices
  • Requires calibration and post-processing

15. Zero-Noise Extrapolation

Runs circuits at various noise levels and extrapolates to zero-noise limit:

  • Achieved by scaling pulse durations or gate count
  • Increases sampling cost

16. Probabilistic Error Cancellation

Applies inverse noise map to correct measured data:

  • Needs accurate noise characterization
  • Cost grows exponentially with error rate

17. Dynamical Decoupling

Pulse sequences designed to cancel low-frequency noise:

  • CPMG, XY4, Uhrig schemes
  • Preserves coherence during idle periods

18. Decoherence-Free Subspaces

Uses symmetry to encode quantum information in subspaces immune to collective noise:

  • Particularly useful for dephasing environments
  • Requires careful logical encoding

19. Machine Learning for Noise Estimation

  • Neural networks and Bayesian models used to model noise sources
  • Adaptive noise filtering
  • Improves calibration and feedback

20. Conclusion

Noise is the primary obstacle to scalable quantum computation. Combining rigorous noise characterization with both hardware-aware and software-based mitigation techniques is key to building reliable quantum devices capable of executing useful algorithms.

Today in History – 14 March

By
Syskool
-
0
today in history 14 march

today in history 14 march

1879

Albert Einstein was born, the son of a Jewish electrical engineer in Ulm, Germany. Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity drastically altered man’s view of the universe, and his work in particle and energy theory helped make possible quantum mechanics and, ultimately, the atomic bomb.

1883

Karl Marx, great journalist, chief editor, writer and social worker, died in London.

1910

Dalai Lama makes a rare state visit to the Viceroy of Calcutta.

1919

Max Brand, perhaps the most prolific writer of western stories, publishes his first novel, The Untamed. Max Brand was one of 21 pen names used by the Seattle-born author Frederick Faust.

1931

First Indian talkie film ‘Alam Ara’ released at Majestic Cinema, Bombay. Directed by Ardeshir Irani, the film was 11,152 ft. long and was produced by Imperial Film Co., Bombay and beared censored No. 10043 on March 11. The most remarkable thing about this film was birth of sound in Indian films, it came with a bang and quickly displaced the silent movies and brought revolutionary changes in the whole set up of the industry.

1950

The Federal Bureau of Investigation institutes the “Ten Most Wanted Fugitives” list in an effort to publicize particularly dangerous fugitives. The creation of the program arose out of a wire service news story in 1949 about the “toughest guys” the FBI wanted to capture.

1963

Jainarain Vyas, freedom fighter, leader, social reformer, patriot and a noble son of India, passed away.

1990

‘Akash’ missile tested successfully.

1994

Narsinha Rao, Prime Minister, arrives in London for a 4-day official visit.

1997

Border Security Force discovers a 34-meter long tunnel in the Ajnala Sub-sector of the Punjab border with Pakistan.

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Ten Largest Nations (by area and by population)

By
Syskool
-
1

By Area

1. Russia
2. Canada
3. China
4. USA
5. Brazil
6. Australia
7. India
8. Argentina
9. Kazakhstan
10. Sudan

By Population

1. China
2. India
3. USA
4. Indonesia
5. Brazil
6. Russia
7. Pakistan
8. Bangladesh
9. Japan
10. Nigeria

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