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National Symbols of India

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Syskool
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National Symbols
National Symbols

The Republic of India has several official national symbols including a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a calendar as well as several other symbols. The design of the national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly just before independence, on July 22, 1947. These symbols are intrinsic to the Indian identity and heritage. Indians of all demographics backgrounds across the world are proud of these National Symbols as they infuse a sense of pride and patriotism in every Indian’s heart.

National Flag

The National Flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel which represents the chakra.

The top saffron colour indicates the strength and courage of the country. The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The green shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.

Read Also: India’s National Flag

National Anthem

Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem of India. Written in Bengali, it is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn composed and scored by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung in Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on 27 December 1911.

“Jana Gana Mana” was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950. 27 December 2011 marked the completion of 100 years of Jana Gana Mana since it was sung for the first time. A formal rendition of the national anthem takes fifty-two seconds.

National Song

The song Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom. It has an equal status with Jana-Gana-mana. On January 24, 1950, the President, Dr Rajendra Prasad came up with a statement in the Constituent Assembly, “the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it.”

The first political occasion when it was sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. The song was a part of Bankimchandra’s most famous novel Anand Math (1882).

Must Read: National Emblem of different countries

State Emblem

The emblem of India is an adaptation of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.It was adopted as the National Emblem of India on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic. The emblem forms a part of the official letterhead of the Government of India and appears on all Indian currency as well. It also sometimes functions as the national emblem of India in many places and appears prominently on the diplomatic and national Passport of the Republic of India.

The wheel “Ashoka Chakra” from its base has been placed onto the centre of the National Flag of India. The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.

National Motto

Satyameva Jayate is a Hindu mantra from the ancient scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Upon the independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India. It is inscribed in Devanagari script at the base of the national emblem. The emblem and words ‘Satyameva Jayate’ are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Asoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, but does not contain the motto.

Indian national calendar

The Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in India. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by The Gazette of India, news broadcasts by All India Radio, and calendars and communications issued by the Government of India. The term may also ambiguously refer to the Hindu calendar, and the Saka era is commonly used by different calendars as well.

The calendar was introduced by the Calendar Reform Committee in 1957.  Local variations based on older sources such as the Surya Siddhanta may still exist. Usage officially started at Chaitra 1, 1879 Saka Era, or March 22, 1957.

National Language

Neither the Constitution of India nor Indian law specifies a National language. India specifies Hindi and English as official languages of the India de jure. Article 343 of the constitution specifies that the official language of the India is Hindi in Devanagari script. Article 354 states that a state of India may officially adopt one or more languages in use in the state or Hindi/English as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that state.

National Flower

Lotus (Nelumbo Nucipera Gaertn) is the National Flower of India. It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial. India is rich in flora. Currently available data place India in the tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity.

Also, Read: National Flowers

National Fruit

Mango is the national fruit of India, Philippines and Pakistan. It finds mention in the songs of the 4th century CE Sanskrit poet, Kalidasa, prior to it is believed to have been tasted by Alexander (3rd century BCE) and Chinese pilgrim, Hieun Tsang (7th century CE).

Mango blossoms are also used in the worship of the goddess Saraswati. Mango leaves are used to decorate archways and doors in Indian houses and during weddings and celebrations like Ganesh Chaturthi.

National Bird

The Indian peacock, Pavo cristatus, the National Bird of India, is a colourful, swan-sized bird, with a fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under the eye and a long, slender neck. The male of the species is more colourful than the female, with a glistening blue breast and neck and a spectacular bronze-green tail of around 200 elongated feathers. Peacock has been used in numerous iconic representations, including being designated the national bird of India in 1963.

National Animal

The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris is a striped animal. It has a thick yellow coat of fur with dark stripes. The combination of grace, strength, agility and enormous power has earned the tiger its pride of place as the national animal of India. The Bengal tiger has been a national symbol of India since about the 25th century BCE when it was displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

National Aquatic Animal

Ganges River Dolphin is the National Aquatic Animal of India. This animal was given this title as it represents the purity of the Ganges as this mammal only survives in pure and fresh water. They are locally known as susu, due to the sound which is made while breathing. It is critically endangered in India and has been included in the Schedule I the for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

National Heritage Animal

The Asian elephant is the National Heritage Animal of India. This status was given to this animal due to the decline in its poplulation. The Environment and Forest Ministry recommended to give this title to this species and the Elephant Task Force was approved by the standing committee of National Board of Wildlife on October 13, 2010.

National River

In November 2008, the Ganges, alone among India’s rivers, was declared a “National River”, facilitating the formation of a Ganga River Basin Authority that would have greater powers to plan, implement and monitor measures aimed at protecting the river.

The Ganges or Ganga is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh.  The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.

National Tree

Banyan, or Ficus benghalensis, is the national tree of India. Ficus benghalensis produces propagating roots which grow downwards as aerial roots.

National Currency Symbol

The symbol of Indian Rupee signifies India’s international identity for money transactions and economic strength. The Indian Rupee sign is an allegory of Indian ethos. The symbol is an amalgam of Devanagari “Ra” and the Roman Capital “R” with two parallel horizontal stripes running at the top representing the national flag and also the “equal to” sign. The Indian Rupee sign was adopted by the Government of India on 15th July 2010.

Don’t Miss:

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METHODS USED BY RBI TO CONTROL SUPPLY OF MONEY

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Syskool
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METHODS USED BY RBI TO CONTROL SUPPLY OF MONEY


1. Repo Rate :- 
Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks generally against government securities.

2. Reverse Repo Rate :- 
Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from the commercial banks.

3. Cash Reserve Ratio :- 
Cash Reserve Ratio is a certain percentage of bank deposits which banks are required to keep with RBI in the form of reserves or balances .

4. Statutory Liquidity Ratio :-
Every financial institution has to maintain a certain quantity of liquid assets with themselves at any point of time of their total time and demand liabilities.

5. Bank Rate :-
The bank rate, also known as the discount rate, is the rate of interest charged by the RBI for providing funds or loans to the banking system.

6. Open market Operation :-
An open market operation is an instrument of monetary policy which involves buying or selling of government securities from or to the public and banks.

NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA

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Syskool
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NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA
        



[1] Anshi National Park ——— Karnataka

[2] Bandipur National Park ———– Karnataka

[3] Bannerghatta National Park ——— Karnataka

[4] Balphakram National Park ——- Meghalaya

[5] Bandhavgarh National Park ——— Madhya Pradesh

[6] Betla National Park ——— Jharkhand

[7] Bhitarkanika National Park ——- Odisha

[8] Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar ——– Gujarat

[9] Buxa Tiger Reserve ——– West Bengal

[10] Campbell Bay National Park ——— Andaman and Nicobar Islands

[11] Chandoli National Park ——— Maharashtra

[12] Dachigam National Park ——- Jammu and Kashmir

[13] Darrah National Park ——— Rajasthan

[14] Desert National Park ——– Rajasthan

[15] Dibru-Saikhowa National Park ——— Assam

[16] Dudhwa National Park ——— Uttar Pradesh

[17] Eravikulam National Park ——– Kerala

[18] Galathea National Park ——— Andaman and Nicobar Islands

[19] Gangotri National Park ——— Uttarakhand

[20] Gir Forest National Park ——— Gujarat

[21] Gorumara National Park ——– West Bengal

[22] Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary —— Uttarakhand

[23] Great Himalayan National Park ——- Himachal Pradesh,

[24] Gugamal National Park ——– Maharashtra

[25] Guindy National Park ——– Tamil Nadu

[26] Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park ———- Tamil Nadu

[27] Hemis National Park ——— Jammu and Kashmir

[28] Harike Wetland ——- Punjab

[29] Hazaribagh National Park ——- Jharkhand

[30] Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park ——– Tamil Nadu

[31] Indravati National Park ——- Chhattisgarh

[32] Jaldapara National Park ——- West Bengal

[33] Jim Corbett National Park ——– Uttarakhand

[34] Kalesar National Park —— Haryana

[35] Kanha National Park ——- Madhya Pradesh

[36] Kanger Ghati National Park ——– Chhattisgarh

[37] Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park ——– Telangana

[38] Kaziranga National Park —— Assam

[39] Keibul Lamjao National Park —— Manipur

[40] Keoladeo National Park ——— Rajasthan

[41] Khangchendzonga National Park ——- Sikkim

[42] Kishtwar National Park ——— Jammu and Kashmir

[43] Kudremukh National Park ——- Karnataka

[44] Madhav National Park ——- Madhya Pradesh

[45] Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park ——- Andaman and Nicobar Islands

[46] Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park ——- Telangana

[47] Manas National Park —— Assam

[48] Mandla Plant Fossils National Park ——– Madhya Pradesh

[49] Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch ——- Gujarat

[50] Mathikettan Shola National Park ——- Kerala

IMPORTANT RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN INDIA

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IMPORTANT RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN INDIA(PART 1) 


[1] Bhakra Nangal Project ——- On Sutlej in Punjab. Highest in India.Ht. 226m. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar Lake.

[2] Mandi Project —– On Beas in HP

[3] Chambal Valley Project —— On Chambal in MP & Rajasthan, 3 dams are there:- Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam

[4] Damodar Valley Project —– On Damodar in Bihar, Based on Tennessee Valley Project USA

[5] Hirakud Project ——- On Mahanadi in Orrisa, World’s Longest Dam: 4801m

[6] Rihand Project —— On Son in Mirzapur, Reservoir is called Gobind Vallabh Pant reservoir.

[7] Kosi Project —— On Kosi in N.Bihar

[8] Mayurkashi Project ——- On Mayurkashi in West Bengal

[9] Kakrapara Project —— On Tapi in Gujrat

[10] Nizamsagar Project ——- On Manjra in Andhra Pradesh

[11] Nagarjuna Sagar Project On Krishna in Andhra Pradesh

[12] Tugabhadra Project —— On Tugabhadra in Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka

[13] Shivasamudram Project ——- On Cauvery in Karnataka. It is the older river valley project in India.

[14] Tata Hydel Scheme —— On Bhima in Maharashtra

[15] Sharavathi Hydel Project ——- On Jog Falls in Karnataka

IMPORTANT RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN INDIA( PART2)
         


[1] Kundah & Periyar Project —— In Tamil Nadu

[2] Farakka Project ——- On Ganga in WB. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy navigation.

[3] Ukai Project —— On Tapti in Gujarat

[4] Mahi Project —— On Mahi in Gujarat

[5] Salal Project ——- On Chenab in J&K

[6] Mata Tila Multipurpose Project ——– On Betwa in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh

[7] Thein Project —— On Ravi, Punjab.

[8] Pong Dam —— On Beas, Punjab

[9] Tehri Dam ——- On Bhgirathi, Uttarakhand

[10] Sardar Sarovar Project ——– On Narmada, Gujarat/MP.

KNOW YOUR OPTIONAL POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

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Syskool
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KNOW YOUR OPTIONAL
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL muscle building diet plan pdf RELATIONS


Political Science and International Relations is one of the popular optional subjects for the Civil Services examination. It is assumed that the subject is too vast to prepare from the UPSC examination’s perspective, but it is a misconception. The fact lies that strategically Political Science is one of the safest optional subjects for the said examination. The subject covers a wide gamut of areas such as- Indian Constitution and its Political System; International Institutions and foreign policy of India which prove to be very useful in the General Studies also. It also covers a wide gamut of aspects like globalization, liberalization, environmental issues, human rights, International Monetary Institutions (IMF, World Bank, WTO) which are important aspects of the General Studies paper in the contemporary times. International Institutions like United Nations and its organs and agencies, regional organizations like the European Union, SAARC, NAFTA, and African Union which find a place in the syllabus of Political Science form an essential ingredient of the General Studies sections. Thus a candidate opting for Political Science and International Relations in the main examination will not have to study separately these sections as part of his preparation. Apart from this, the candidate’s perspective and approach will be definitely different from others and will help them in their Essay paper and also in the personality test.

The million dollar question is – how to prepare for the optional? What will be the best strategy so that we will get more marks in this optional paper? A glance on the syllabus of Political Science and International Relations and the analysis of the questions asked during the last ten years will help us to answer these questions and develop a good strategy for the said examination.

The Mains syllabus is divided into 2 papers.

Paper- I

Section A- Political Theory and Thought: The broader areas
· Concepts and theories
· Indian Political Thought
· Western Political Thought

Section B- Indian Government and Politics: The broader areas
· Indian Nationalist Movement
· Indian Constitution
· Organs of Government and their actual working
· Functioning and challenges to the Indian Democracy

In the examination, eight questions are asked from this paper. Questions 1 and 5 are compulsory and the candidate has to answer three out of the rest six questions. The aim of the candidate will be to answer three long questions (600 words each) and six short questions. In section A, In question number1, out of four short questions, the candidate has to answer three. Most of the questions are in the form of statements which needs comments of the candidates. An analysis of the question papers of last ten years presents before us a trend that most of the questions asked are from the units dealing with Thinkers (both Indian as well as western), Theories of State and Ideologies. Out of questions 3, 4 and 5, the candidate has the choice of answering one or two questions. In these questions also there is a definite trend and at least two questions are asked from the thinkers (Indian as well as western). Thus, based on the scientific analysis of the questions asked in the last ten years, the best strategy for the mains examination for answering section A is to concentrate on the units of Indian and Western Political thinkers, Theories of State and ideologies.

For the preparation of this section, the candidates may refer to the following books:

· Political Thought by C.L.Wayper
· A History of Political Theory by George Sabine.
· Politics by Andrew Heywood
· Foundations of Indian Political Thought by V.R.Mehta
· Indian Political Thought by V.P.Verma
· Political Theory: Ideas and Concepts by Sushila Ramaswamy
· Political Science by DR. Kumud Ranjan Singh (Arihant Publications)
· Political Theory by O.P.Gauba

In section B, In question number5, out of four short questions, the candidate has to answer three. An analysis of the question papers of last ten years presents before us a trend that one question is asked from Indian Freedom Movement section and the rest three from the Indian Constitution. Out of questions 6, 7 and 8, the candidate has the choice of answering one or two questions. In these questions also there is a definite trend and at least two questions are asked from the Indian Constitution and the working of Indian democracy, e.g., Judicial Activism, Panchayati Raj institutions, decline of Parliament, tension areas in Centre- State Relations etc. Thus, based on the scientific analysis of the questions asked in the last ten years, the best strategy for the mains examination for answering section B is to concentrate on the units of Indian Freedom Movement, Indian Constitution and its working. For the preparation of this section, the candidates may refer to the following books, magazines and newspapers:

· Our Constitution by Subhash Kashyap
· Constitution of India by P.M. Bakshi
· Modern India by Bipin Chandra
· Indian Constitutional Law by M.P.Jain
· Indian Polity and Constitutional Issues by DR. Kumud Ranjan Singh (Arihant Publications)
· Indian Political System edited by M.P.Singh and Himanshu Roy
· Frontline
· India Today
· Any leading national newspaper.

Paper- II

Section A- Comparative Analysis and International Politics : The broader areas
· Comparative Governments
· Theoretical Aspects of International Politics
· International and Regional Organizations
· Global Concerns like gender justice, environment, human rights, terrorism, democracy etc.

Section B- India and the World : The broader areas
· India’s relations with the neighbouring countries
· India and the Super powers
· India’s relations with Latin America and Africa
· India’s Nuclear Policy

Like paper I, eight questions are asked from this paper also. Questions 1 and 5 are compulsory and the candidate has to answer three out of the rest six questions. The aim of the candidate will be to answer three long questions (600 words each) and six short questions. In section A, In question number1, out of four short questions, the candidate has to answer three. An analysis of the question papers of last ten years presents before us a trend that one question is asked from Approaches to Comparative Government and Politics section and the rest three from the theories of International Politics, concepts and issues in international politics. Out of questions 3, 4 and 5, the candidate has the choice of answering one or two questions. In these questions also there is a definite trend and at least one question is asked from the theories of international politics or concepts, one from the international organizations(like the U.N. and its agencies) and one from the dynamics of international politics e.g., the emerging global order, relevance of NAM, globalization etc. Thus, based on the scientific analysis of the questions asked in the last ten years, the best strategy for the mains examination for answering the questions in this section is to concentrate on the units of Approaches to the study of comparative government and politics, Concepts of International politics, Theories of International Politics, Globalization and International and Regional Organizations. For the preparation of this section, the candidates may refer to the following books:

· Comparative Government and Politics by J.C.Johari
· Theoretical Aspect of International Politics by Mahendra Kumar
· International Politics by Prakash Chandra
· Comparative Government and Politics by Ronald H.Chilcote
· Political Science by Arihant Publications
· Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction by Rod Hague, Martin Harrop and Shaun Breslin

In section B, In question number 5, out of four short questions, the candidate has to answer three. Out of questions 6, 7 and 8, the candidate has the choice of answering one or two questions. In these questions also there is a definite trend and at least one question is asked on India’s relations with neighbors, one question on India’s relation with a Superpower. Thus, based on the scientific analysis of the questions asked in the last ten years, the best strategy for the mains examination for answering section B is to concentrate on the units of India and its Neighbours, India and Superpowers, and dynamics of India’s foreign policy. As this is a dynamic paper, the candidates must be aware of the recent developments in international arena. The candidates will have to rely mostly on journals, magazines and newspapers to prepare for this part. The candidates may refer

· World Focus (Monthly journal)
· India’s Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect by Sumit Ganguly (ed.)
· Indian Foreign Policy by V.P.Dutt
· Indian Foreign Policy by Arihant Publications
· Frontline
· Any leading national newspaper.

By now, the candidates must have become acquainted with the types of questions asked in the Civil Services (Main) examination in the Political Science and International Relations subject. . The most important thing that a candidate should keep in mind is that Civil Services examination does not need scholastic dynamism but a right approach. Remember Smart Work is the key to success and knowing what to study and what not to study is smart work. So, follow the strategy discussed above and come out with flying colours.

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