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ARTICLE 370 (VERY IMPORTANT)

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Syskool
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ARTICLE 370 (VERY IMPORTANT)

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But what exactly is Article 370 and why is the Article so important to keep Jammu and Kashmir as a part of India ?

Here are 10 facts that explain why:

1. According to the Constitution oF India , Article 370 provides temporary provisions to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, granting it special autonomy.

2. The article says that the provisions of Article 238, which was omitted from the Constitution in 1956 when Indian states were reorganised, shall not apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

3. Dr BR Ambedkar, the principal drafter of the Indian Constitution, had refused to draft Article 370.

4. In 1949, the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had directed Kashmiri leader Sheikh Abdullah to consult Ambedkar (then law minister) to prepare the draft of A suitable article to be included in the Constitution.

5. Article 370 was eventually drafted by Gopalaswami Ayyangar

6. Ayyangar was a minister without portfolio in the first Union Cabinet of India. He was also a former Diwan to Maharajah Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir

7. Article 370 is drafted in Amendment of the Constitution section, in Part XXI, under Temporary and TransitionaL Provisions.

8. The original draft explained “the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja’s Proclamation dated the fifth day of March, 1948.”

9. On November 15, 1952, it was changed to “the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the
President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadr- i-Riyasat (now Governor) of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office.”

10. Under Article 370 the Indian Parliament cannot increase or reduce the borders of the state.

MEMBERS OF THE SPACE FAMILY

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Syskool
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MEMBERS OF THE SPACE FAMILY
 
The Sun is a shining spherical heavenly body round which the planets rotate. It is one of some
10,000,000 stars which constitute our galaxy. Its average distance from the Earthis 149,597,900
km,equatorial diameter 1,392,520 km, mass 2×1027 tons and its average density 1.4 grams per cc.
Planetsrevolve round the Sun. They together constitute the Solar System. Planets are not self-
luminous but shine by radiating the light received from the Sun. Their orbits are elliptical. Their
sizes, speeds and distances from the Sun are dissimilar. Till recently, it was traditionally held that
the total number of planets in our Solar System was nine. However, at the historic assembly of the
International Astronomical Union (IAU), world’s top astronomical body, held in Prague (Czech
Republic) in August 2006, over 2,500 scientists from all over the globe unanimously passed a
resolution through which Pluto was stripped of its long­ standing status as the ninth and outermost
planet of the Solar System. In the wake of that decision, there are now eight known planets. They
are:
(i) Mercury, (ii) Venus, (iii) Earth, (iv) Mars, (v) Jupiter, (vi) Saturn, (vii) Uranus and (viii)
Neptune. Neptune is now farthest from the Sun while Mercury lies nearest to it.
Satellites are secondary bodies that revolve around the planets as planets revolve around the
Sun. A satellite is said to have been formed of the matter whirled off from a planet when still in
molten state. Except Venus and Mercury, all the other planets have satellites. Moon is the Earth’s
satellite.
Asteroids are minor planets whose orbits lie between Jupiter and Mars. These are said to be
the fragments of a larger planet disrupted long ago. Their number is estimated to be 30,000 pieces of
rocky debris out of which more than half are known. Ceres, the first to be discovered, is the largest
asteroid having a diameter of 670 km. Most of them are less than 80 km in diameter.
Meteors are small bodies coming from inter-planetary space. They become luminous by friction
on entering the Earth’s atmosphere and are popularly called shooting stars.
 
 
Meteorites are the larger meteors that reach the Earth and become meteorites. All meteorites
were meteors when in flight.
Star are suns or self-luminous bodies, situated at enormous distances from the Solar System.
Some
of the stars are so distant that it takes millions of years for their light to reach us. The distances of
stars are expressed in light years. There are millions of stars in the Universe.
There are four kinds of stars:
 (1) Fixed Stars;
 (2) Binary (double) Stars;
    (3) Temporary Stars (new stars); and
    (4)   Variable Stars.

SPACE AND OUTER SPACE

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Syskool
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 The term space is used to denote the entire Universe, i.e., the Earth and if§ atmosphere, the Moon, the Sun and the rest of the Solar System with its other planets and their satellites, and all the stars and galaxies spread over the infinite skies. Outer space refers to the entire space except the Earth and its atmosphere. The outer space begins where the Earth’s atmosphere ends, and it extends in all directions from above the atmosphere of the Earth.

Since the Universe is infinite and so is the outer space, our conventional units of measurement do not suit to measure the astronomical distances, such as distances between the Earth and the Sun, the Moon or other planets or distances between other heavenly bodies. Therefore, different units of measurement, such as the light year and the astronomical unit, have been evolved to measure distances in the space.

Light travels in vacuum at a speed of 186,250 miles (299,792.5 km) per second. The distance, thus, traveled by light in one year is called the light year which equals 5880 billion miles (9460 billion km). An astronomical unit is equal to the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth, which is 92,857,000 miles or 149,597,900 km. In other words, one light year has about 60,000 astronomical units. The astronomical unit is now used to measure the distances in the Solar System.    

THE UNIVERSE

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Syskool
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The Universe
 
 The Universe or the Cosmos, as perceived today, consists of millions of galaxies. A galaxy is a huge congregation of stars which are held together by the forces of gravity. Most of the galaxies appear to be scattered in the space in a random manner, but there are many others which remain clustered into groups. Our own galaxy, called the Milky Way o r Akash Ganga, which appears as a river of bright light flowing through the sky, belongs to a cluster of some 24 galaxies called the ‘local group’. The Milky Way is made up of over a hundred billion sparkling stars, which, though quite distant from one another, seem from the Earth as having been placed close together. The two other nearest galaxies are the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud, named after the famous Portuguese navigator, Ferdinand Magellan (1480- 1521), who discovered them.
The Universe is infinite, both in time and space. Its age was formerly believed to be between 10-15 billion years. However, in 1999, a NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Project team determined the age of cosmos to be 12 billion years (plus or minus 10 percent). In June 2001, NASA launched the MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe) to study the cosmic, microwave background radiation in greater detail according to which the exact age of the universe is 13.7 billion years after the theoretical Big Bang.The human perception of the Universe has, however, been different at different times over the long span of history of civilisation. The innate human inquisitiveness and tireless pursuit of knowledge have brought about revolutionary changes about our ideas of the Universe. The Moon and the stars are no longer looked upon as heavenly bodies or the abodes of gods. Solar and lunar eclipses are no more dreaded as foretellers of natural calamities. Man’s conquest of the Moon has now blown off many a myth of the religious testaments.
It was around 6th century BC that men started enquiring into the mysteries of the Universe in an endeavour to rationally analyse the earthly and the heavenly
 
THE UNIVERSE
phenomena. They posed to themselves several questions : What is the Universe ? Why do things change ? Why do things move ? What is life ? and so on. These questions were of far-reaching significance to the development of modern science.
Ancient Greek astronomers and mathemati-cians came up with the view that the Earth was a perfect motionless sphere, surrounded by seven other crystalline spheres—the Sun, the Moon, and the five known planets, vi%., Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter, which revolved round the Earth on seven inner spheres. The stars were permanently fixed to the outer sphere that marked the edge of the Universe.
Ptolemy, a second century Greco- Egyptian astronomer, synthesised the various data gathered by the early Greek astronomers and in his book, Almagest, presented his system of astronomy based on a Geocentric (Earth-centred) Universe. He maintained that the Earth was the centre of the Universe, and the Sun and other heavenly bodies revolved round the Earth. This view of the Universe remained firmly entrenched in the minds of the people right up to the middle of the 16th century. Most menin the Middle Ages strongly adhered to the Ptolemaic system as they felt that they did, indeed, live in a physically limited, rigidly structured Universe centred round a motionless Earth. The Greeks had also estimated the visible Universe to be about 125 million miles in diameter.
The generally accepted view of Geocentric Universe received its first real jolt with the publication of the monumental work by Copernicus (1473-1543) De Revoktimihus0rbmm C&tkstinm (On the Revolution of Celestial Bodies). The main points of the Copemican system are: (i) the Sun and the stars are motionless; (ii) the Sun lies at the centre of the Universe and the stars at its circumference; (iii) the Earth rotates on its axis taking 24 hours to complete one rotation; and (iv) the Earth and the planets revolve round the Sun; whereas the Moon revolves round the Earth.
This system of Universe, as propounded by Copernicus, was more consistent than that of Ptolemy. But its major flaw was that while it changed the centre of the Universe from the Earth to the Sun, it did not enlarge the limits of the Universe, as the Universe still remained equated with the Solar System.
Later, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), too, with his newly- invented telescope demonstrated the validity of the Copernican system through his studies of the phases of the Venus and the moons of Jupiter that the Earth did revolve round the Sun. He discovered many new stars and proved that sensory appearances could be deceptive and that it is our own limitations of perception and reason that place boundaries around the Universe. To be punished for telling the truth was not uncommon in the 16 th century, and those who dared to do so, had to face the wrath of the Church. Indeed, Galileo had to pay the penalty for telling the truth.
English scientist Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) demonstrated that forces of gravitation linked all material bodies in an immense Universe and showed that these bodies moved in accordance with strict mathematical laws. God was still the Creator, but he exercised a thorough mastery over mathematics and engineering.
The perception of the Universe was farther widened in the 19 th century when the British astronomer, Sir William Herschel (1738-1822), came out with his observation that the Universe was not limited to the Solar System, but is much vaster than that. The Solar System, according to Herschel, was only a small part of a much bigger star system, called the Galaxy. The Galaxy consisted of millions of stars scattered in the sky in a unique pattern of a band of light called the Milky Way.
„ The vision of Universe got further expanded in the 20th century when, in 1925, an American astronomer, Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953), made the contention that apart from the Milky Way and the two other known galaxies, the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud, there were other galaxies in the Universe whose number ran into millions, with each galaxy containing billions of stars. And each star is like our Sun, the centre of the Solar System.
Thus, gone are the days of a finite two-sphere geocentric system of
Universe in which the Earth occupied the key position. The Earth is just a planet of the Solar System and there are millions or billions of such systems existing in the skies, some of which have been discovered, while many others remain unobserved. When the great German scientist, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) developed his general theory of relativity, he visualised that the Universe would either expand or else collapse, but in 1920s, Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe was actually expanding, everything moving away from everything else.

G.K for preparing Competitive Examinations..

By
Syskool
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G.K for preparing Competitive Examinations.


* First India bank Got ISO : Canara Bank

* First Governor of RBI : Mr. Osborne Smith

* First Indian governor of RBI : Mr. C D Deshmukh

* First Bank to Introduce ATM in India : HSBC
* First Bank to introduce savings : Presidency bank in 1833

* First Bank to Introduce Cheque system : Bengal Bank 1784

* First Bank to introduce Internet Banking : ICICI BANK

* First Bank to introduce Mutual Fund : State Bank of India

* First Bank to introduce Credit Card : Central Bank of India

* First Foreign Bank in India : Comptoire d’Escompte de Paris of France in 1860

* First Joint Stock Bank of India : Allahabad Bank

* First Bank that is oldest Public Bank in India :Allahabad Bank

* First Indian bank to open branch outside India in London in 1946 : Bank of India

* First Indian Bank started with Indian capital / indigenous Bank of India : Punjab National Bank

* First Regional Rural Bank name Prathama Grameen Bank – Was started by : Syndicate Bank

* First Bank to launch branch in foreign was “Bank of India” in 1946 in London UK.

* First bank to Introduce Credit card in India was Central Bank of India With “Central Card” 1980.

* First Bank to introduce Debit Card in India was Citi Bank In Bangalore in 1987
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