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Well Known Prime Ministers of India

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Syskool
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Prime Ministers of India

List of 10 Well Known Prime Ministers of India. All you need to know about them, their tenure, achievements and many more. Starting from Nehru to  Modi.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)

Jawaharlal Nehru, the First Prime Minister of  India, remained in the office for 17 years from 15th August 1947 to 27th May 1964. He played a significant role in shaping modern India by communicating modern values and thinking. He advocated for a society based on the model of scientific development. He introduced the Planning system and went for the industrial revolution in our country.

Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904-1966)

He was the Second Prime Minister of India, from 9th June 1964 to 11th January 1966. He gave the popular slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”and promoted “White Revolution” to increase the production of milk in India. He did a lot of work for the upliftment of Dalits. He died on 11th January 1966 at Tashkent in USSR.

Indira Gandhi (1917-1984)

Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the Third and the first women Prime Minister of India. Her courage and boldness made India won over Pakistan in 1971. She made  significant contributions in improving international relations with neighboring countries. By imposing emergency 1975 she lost her popularity. She was shot dead on 31st October 1984,by her own Security Guards in her official residence.

Moraji Desai (1896-1995)

He was the Fourth Prime Minister of India, from 24th March 1977 to 28th July 1979. He was the first Non-Congress Prime Ministers of India, who headed the Janta Party Government by defeating Indira Gandhi. His greatest achievement was that he restored normal relations between India and Pakistan.

Rajiv Gandhi (1944-1991)

He was the Sixth Prime Minister of India who remained in the office from,31st  October 1984 to 1st December 1989. He played a major role in bringing computers to India. He tried to act as a peace-maker between Sri Lanka government and LTTE as a consequence he had to lose his life on May 21, 1991.

Viswanath Pratap Singh (1931-2008)

He was the Seventh Prime Minister of India, from 2nd December 1989 to 10th November 1990. He brought the Mandal Commission in force and through this act benefited crores of disadvantaged OBCs.

P.V.Narsimha Rao (1921-2004)

As the Ninth Prime Minister of India, he remained in the office from 21st June 1991 to 16th May 1996.He brought major economic reforms by liberating the Indian Economy through dismantling the License Raj.   He was also known as Chanakya. During his tenure, Jammu and Kashmir were torn apart by terrorist activity. He introduced the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA).

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

He became the Prime Minister of India for three times( from 16th May 1996-1st June 1996; from 19th March 1998-13th October; and from 13th October 1998-22nd May 2004).It was during his tenure that India successfully  conducted nuclear tests at Pokhran and renewed hopes for peace between India and Pakistan by initiating the New Delhi-Lahore bus services.

Manmohan Singh

In his first phase, he gave impetus to the Indian economy and in his second phase somehow he lost his way. During his term, the Congress’ flagship programme MGNREGA was launched.

Narendra Modi

He assumed office on May 26, 2014. In The present Prime Minister is showing sign of a good administrator and giving strength to the Foreign Policy of our country.

Also, Read:

Analysis of 13th EU-India Summit

10 Well Known Presidents of India

10 Important Football Tournaments

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Syskool
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football tournaments

International Tournaments

FIFA World Cup

Federation Internationale de football Association (FIFA), governed by Swiss law, was founded in 1904. Gianni Infantino is the President of FIFA. The 2018 FIFA World Cup,the 21st in number,that Russia is going to host. The tournaments will be held from 14th June-15th July. Germany was the winner of the 2014 world cup.

UEFA Champions League

It was launched soon after UEFA’s first congress,which was held in Vienna on 2nd march 1955. It was founded in June 1954. It is simply known as Champion’s league and is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world. This league begins in mid July. Winner of this league gets qualified for the UEFA Super Cup and FIFA World Cup. Real Madrid the most successful club in competitions’ history have won the tournaments ten times.

UEFA European Championship

It is the primary association football competition played by the senior men’s national team of UEFA. It was founded in 1960 and is held after every four years. European championship winners get the opportunity to compete in FIFA Confederations Cup. Till now 14 European Championship tournaments have been won by nine different national teams. One of the six major football union across the globe viz. CONCAF in North America, Conmebol in Latin America, CAF in Africa, AFC in Asia, UEFA in Europe and OFC in Oceania.

Copa America

It is formerly known as South American Football Championship. It is the oldest international competition. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments to be viewed widely in the whole world. Two trophies,Copa America and Copa Bolivia, are given at the end of the tournament to the winners and the runner ups respectively. In 2015, it was held in Chile and the host country emerged as the winner whereas Argentina got the trophy of runner-up. In 2019, Brazil will be conducting the tournament and in 2023 Ecuador is going to host the tournament.

Copa Libertadores

This is an annual international club football competition since 1960. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world. The winner of this tournament becomes eligible to play in the FIFA World Cup. This tournament is sponsored by a group of multi-national corporations.

Indian tournaments

Federation Cup

It was founded in 1977 in India in which 10 teams participate. The current champion of this cup is Bengaluru FC, however Mohan Bagan is the most successful club with 13 titles. Before formation of I-League (NFL). In 1997, the federation cup was the most prestigious football cup in India

Durand Cup

The Durand football tournament started 128 years ago in 1888. The number of participating teams varies. Current champion is Salgaocar Football Club and Pune football cup was the runner-up. It is one of the leading prizes in Indian Football.

Indian Super Cup

It was founded in 1997 and it consists of 2 teams.Current championship that was held in New Delhi, 2011 witnessed East Bengal as a new champion. The winner team of the game receives the trophy while players receive individual medals.

Santosh Trophy

It was founded in 1942 and it comprises of 31 teams. Current champion is Services. The tournament was held in Maharashtra in 2016. Top six goal- scorers of this trophy are- (a) Inder singh (Punjab) 45 goals; (b) Mohammed Habib (Andhra and Bengal) 34 goals; (c) Shyam Thappa (Services and Bengal) 31 goals; (d) P.K.Banerjee (Bengal and Railways) 28 goals; (e) Surajit Sengupta (Bengal) 26 goals; and (f) Biswajit Bhattacharya (Bengal) 26 goals.

IFA Shield

It was organised by Indian Football Association 123 years ago in 1893. Ten teams participate in this tournament. In 2016 Tata Football Academy emerged as the winner and AIFF got the trophy of the runner-up. The most successful club in the history of this tournament is East Bengal as it has won it for 28 times.

Also, Read:

10 Important Football Tournaments

Cups and Trophies (International)

Top 10 Shipping Companies of India

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Syskool
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top shipping companies in india

The Shipping Corporation of India Limited

top shipping companies shipping corporation of india

Founded in 1961 by the government of India, it is the number one shipping company in the country. B K Mandal is the chairman of the company. The company has a significant contribution in India’s trade since it earns a huge amount of foreign exchange.

Essar Shipping

top shipping companies essar shipping

It is the second largest shipping company in India. It provides different types of services that include logistic services. A part of Essar Group, Essar Shipping is an ISO Certified and BSE listed company. Shashi Ruia is the chairman of the company.

The Great Eastern Shipping Companies

top shipping companies great eastern

It is the third largest shipping company in India; Great Eastern Shipping is an ISO 9001: 2000 Certified company started its operations in the year 1948. The company is engaged in transporting solid, liquid and gas products, that include crude oil, petroleum products etc.

K M Seth is the chairman of the company.

Bharati Shipyard

It is the fourth largest shipping company in India that manufacture ships and carry goods like crude oil. The company was started in 1973 by Mr. P.C.Kapoor and Vijay Kumar, operates in all three segments of ship building, designing, and repairing.

ABG Shipyard

It is the fifth largest shipping company in India. It was founded in the year 1985. Rishi Agarwal is the chairman of the company. The company is engaged in the construction of a wide range of commercial vessels that include support vessels container ships etc.

Mercator Limited

top shipping company mercator

It is the sixth largest shipping company in India that started in 1983. The company belongs to Mercator Group which has diversified business in coal mining, oil and gas, logistics.

Gujarat Pipavav

It is the seventh largest company in India. The services offered by the company include cargo handling, logistics support and towage. The company has made its mark among the largest container terminal operators in the world. The company’s network is spread in over 50 ports across the world and is known for providing quality services.

Also Read: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Varun Shipping

It is the eighth largest shipping company in India. It is a private company that has more than 20 vessels, 10 LPG carriers, 3 crude oil tankers. It has a highly professional and well qualified team of management in the areas of technical and commercial operations, finance, secretarial, legal, information technology and human resources.

Global Offshore Services Limited

It is the ninth largest shipping company in India. It was started by Late Padma Bhushan Dr. B D Garware. The company has a fleet of vessels which is engaged in services functions like cargo, transfer of personnel, anchor handling operations. The company has also worked with various exploration and production companies that include ONGC, British Petroleum, Shell etc.

Shreyas Shipping

top shipping companies india shreyash

It is another well-known shipping company of India started in 1988. The company commenced operations in1994 in order to fill the gap between domestic ports and international ports. It provides various services like Feeder, Port Agency, Logistics, Regional etc.

Also Read: War – Provoking moments in Indo – Pak Relationship

Things to Keep in Mind While Preparing for UPSC Interview

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Syskool
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UPSC interview

UPSC interview is often believed to be the toughest stage of the three tier examination process. Those who clear Mains Exam are called for Personality Test (Interview). According to UPSC, the objective of the Personality Test is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for public services.

Candidates should keep in mind the following points for UPSC Interview:

Good First Impression

There is a famous saying, “in an interview, interviewers form their opinions about interviewee in first few minutes, rest of the time is used to reinforce those opinions.” This happens because of the effect of first impression. About the first impressions, a general saying is, “first impression is the last impression.” Looking at these phenomena, it is essential for you that you create good impression in the mind of the interviewers.

Must Read: How to Prepare General Studies for Preliminary Exam?

 

Qualities judged

UPSC Interview is not a test of knowledge but it is a test of the candidates’ inner self and self-belief. Some of the qualities which are judged by the board members include common sense, mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgment, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, intellectual and moral integrity, practical wisdom, decision making ability.

Work over your resume and hobbies part so that you can justify your past choices and interests and present an inspired and focused impression.

Be a Good Listener

In an UPSC interview, be a good listener. This will serve two-fold objectives, first, when you listen attentively, you tend to understand questions correctly. This understanding will help you to answer the questions second, when you listen attentively, it will impress the interviewers by creating a feeling that you are taking genuine interest in whatever they are asking about. In the listening process, your facial expression should be such that you are taking active interest in what an interviewer is saying.

Current Events

Stay abreast with the current events and keep practicing your analytical skills and insightful abilities by trying to see them in perspective, which primarily implies drawing useful meanings out of a whole lot of happenings which take place in the public domain.

Balanced approach

The questions that are asked by the interviewing board are framed with a lot of things in mind. Therefore it is important to adopt the balanced approach while answering the questions. Think before you answer. Frame your answers after a well-balanced thought. You must have utmost faith in yourself, which will drive you to back yourself till the very end with confidence and poise.

Also Read: How to Prepare for UPSC Exams While Doing a Job?

Admit Your Mistake

If in answering any question, you make a mistake and the interviewer points out it, accept your mistake. A mistake is a wrong judgment of a situation and acting on that. Therefore, committing a mistake is not very unusual phenomenon while, committing a mistake is a natural phenomenon, persisting on that mistake after it has been discovered is a blunder. Therefore, if you commit any mistake during the interview process, admit it and offer an apology. Do not bring your ego which is false in this process.

Undertake mock interviews

Mock interviews can be very beneficial because it gives you the exposure to live settings. Taking the mock tests and mock interviews allow you to get abreast with the actual UPSC interview and imbibes confidence within you. It allows you to get a glimpse of the actual UPSC interview and boosts up your morale. The feedback can help you learn from the mistakes you are likely to commit on the actual interview day. This exercise is particularly helpful to shine your presentation, composure and demeanor.

Meet successful candidates

Tips from the successful candidates of the previous year can be highly beneficial for you. Nothing can help you more than the tips from the previous year’s successful candidates. They can guide you on how actually you should behave, talk and think about the answers.

Previous year’s questions

Checking out the previous year’s questions can help the candidates in umpteen ways. You can also refer to the previous year’s questions by asking them from the successful candidates of previous years.

Honesty & Integrity

The most important factors that would impact your performance in UPSC interview are honesty and integrity with which you choose to answer the questions being posed to you. Rather than treating the queries presented before you, you should consider them as topics on which the interview panel is seeking your opinion. The more honest your opinion, the better are your chances of being selected.

Don’t Miss: How to Prepare for UPSC Exam while you are in College?

 

 

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

By
Syskool
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UNESCO

The purpose of UNESCO, a specialized agency formed on 16th November 1945, is to bestow peace and security by exalting international cooperation through educational, scientific and cultural reforms to enhance universal respect for justice, the rule of law and human rights as well as fundamental freedom promulgated in the United Nations Charter.

UNESCO, that has 195 member states and nine associate members, conducts its objectives through five key programmes: education, natural sciences, social/ human sciences, culture and communication/ information. UNESCO’s sponsored projects include literacy, technical, and teacher training programmes, international science programmes, the elevation of independent media and freedom of press, regional and cultural history, the elevation of cultural diversity, international cooperation agreements to protect the work cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites), attempt to reduce the gap of the worldwide digital divide and to secure human rights.

Must Read: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

Aim of UNESCO

UNESCO’s aim is “to contribute the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and international dialogue through education, the sciences, culture and communication and formation.” The organisation’s other objectives are to obtain quality education for all and lifelong learning, address emerging social and ethical challenges, cultivate cultural diversity and a culture of peace and create inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication. The concrete objectives and capacious goals of the international community, as penned down in the internationally agreed development goals including the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), envelop all UNESCO’s activities and strategies.

History of UNESCO

UNESCO and its commission for international cooperation goes to the League of Nations resolution that took place on 21 September 1921 to elect a Commission to study feasibility.

The international Bureau of Education (IBE) initiated its work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. But the activities of these predecessor organizations of UNESCO got interrupted by the commencement of World War II.

The Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME), after the signing of the Atlantic Charter and Declaration of the United Nations, initiated its meetings in London that continued between 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. In the Moscow Declaration on 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed and agreed upon by the United Kingdom, China, The United States and The USSR. A prominent figure in the initiative for the formation of UNESCO was Rab Butler who was then the Minister of Education the United Kingdom. The constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries and a Preparatory Commission was set up at the ECO/CONF on 16 November 1945. UNESCO’s constitution came into force on 4 November 1946 with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.

Also Read: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

UNESCO’s works and achievements

One of the major achievements of UNESCO is its work against racism through influential statements on race that began with a declaration of anthropologists and scientists in 1950 and concluded with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.

UNESCO’s early work in the field of education comprised the pilot project on fundamental education, commenced in 1947, in the Marbial Valley, Haiti. The project was succeeded by expert missions to other countries including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949. In 1948, UNESCO prescribed that Member States should make primary education free, compulsory and universal. In Jomtien, Thailand in 1990 the World Conference on Education for All initiated a global movement to cater basic education for all children, youths and adults. In 2000, ten years later, World Education Forum, organized in Dakar, Senegal, led member countries to commit to attain basic education for all by 2015.

UNESCO early works in the field of culture comprised, for example, The Nubia Campaign that was initiated in 1960. This campaign’s purpose was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it protected from being inundated away by the river Nile after the construction of Aswan Dam. During its twenty year campaign UNESCO relocated 22 monuments and architectural complexes.

UNESCO’s work on heritage resulted in the adoption of the Convention related to the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972. In 1976 The World Heritage Committee was set up in 1978 and the first sites were inscribed on the World heritage list. Since then important legal tools on cultural heritage and diversity have been endorsed by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safe guarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage) and in 2005 (Convention on the Protection and promotion of the diversity of Cultural Expressions).

In the area of communication UNESCO, from its beginning, has given a priority for the free flow of information. It commenced organizing training and education for journalists in 1950s. Following the 1980 Mc Bride report, that was the product of calls for a New Information and Communication order of the late 70s, UNESCO initiated the Information Society for All programme and Toward Knowledge Socities programme in the lead up to the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003 in Geneva and in 2005 in Tunis.

In December 1951, an intergovernmental meeting in Paris resulted in the formation of the European Council for Nuclear Research that proved instrumental in setting up the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

In the field of natural science UNESCO’s one of the early major projects was Arid-Zone programming (1948-1966) UNESCO, in 1968, organized the first intergovernmental conference with an aim to reconcile the environment and development, a problem to be addressed in the field of sustainable development even today. The main result of this conference was the formation of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.

Read Also : INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)

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