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Inventions That Changed the World

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“Nothing is permanent except a change.” You might have come across this quotation more than once in your lifetime. Here is the list of inventions that changed the world.

Inventions That Changed the World

Aluminium. (1880) Aluminium is one of the most abundant metals. But, it was only in the 1880s that production processes were invented which enabled aluminium to be produced cheaply. Carl Wilhelm Siemens (US) developed a smelter to produce Aluminium from Bauxite ore in 1886. Aluminium is used extensively in building and aeroplane manufacture.

Must Read: Benjamin Franklin

Aeroplane / aviation (1903) The first powered, heavier than air flight was undertaken by Orville Wright Brothers on December 17, 1903. The first aeroplane was made of wood. By 1909, they made a demonstration of flight around the Hudson River in New York. Aeroplane technology rapidly improved, and they were used for military means in the First World War.

Antiseptics (1850) Dr Semmelwe is a Hungarian physician was the first prominent doctor to make a strong link between the use of antiseptics and improving survival rates from women giving birth. His work was taken up by others, such as Joseph Lister who became a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.

Archimedes Screw (3rd Century BC). Invented by Archimedes of Syracuse, this innovative design enabled water to be pulled uphill against gravity.

Atomic Bomb (1939-1945) Between this period a team of scientists developed the first atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan project. Chief of the project was Robert Oppenheimer. Albert Einstein’s letter in 1939 warning that the Nazi’s were developing a bomb, were important in creating an impetus for the project.

Barbed wire (1867) The first patent for barbed wire was awarded to Lucien B. Smith. Barbed wire became a very cheap way of creating an effective barrier. Initially used in agriculture to keep animals in certain areas. It became widely used for military purposes.

Don’t Miss: Scientists and Inventors

Battery (1800) Voltaic Pile. Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist developed the first battery which gave a steady current using alternative layers of copper and zinc. Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949

Bicycle (1839) Kirkpatrick MacMillan, a Scottish blacksmith his said to have developed the first two-wheeled pedal-powered a bicycle. In the 1860s, the Michaux or ‘boneshaker’ improved on this design and started in a boom in bicycle use.

Camera (1839) Another Inventions That Changed the World was of Louis Daguerre a French innovator spent many years developing the process of photography. In 1839, he made the first camera which enables a permanent photograph to be taken. In 1889, George Eastman invented the flexible role of a film which enabled photography to be much more practical.

Computer (1940-45) Charles Babbage was considered the father of computers for his work on mechanical computation devices. But, it was only in the 1940s that the first electronic computers were produced. For example, Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper developed the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944.

Clocks (1656) Christian Huygens developed the pendulum which made primitive clocks more accurate.

Concrete (1824) English inventor, Joseph Aspdin developed hydraulic cement, which used a mix of limestone, clay and aggregate.

Electricity (1832) Michael Faraday (England) and Joseph Henry (US) both built models of electricity generators. Nikola Tesla developed the first AC electricity generator in 1892

Have a look at: Timeline of Scientists of Scientific Revolution

Email (1971) Ray Tomlinson (US) developed the first electronic communication message. The email was sent between two computers on the same network.

Film (1895) Frenchman Louis Lumiere developed one of the first moving film recorders, which they called Cinematography.

Guns The first gun prototypes using gunpowder to launch missiles were developed in the tenth Century by the Chinese. The first rifle ‘Puckle Gun’ was developed in 1718 and the first revolver ‘The Colt’ in 1836.

Internet (1982) Another interesting Inventions That Changed the World was the first internet protocol was established in 1982. In 1995, the internet was de commercialised. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web the first internet web browser.

Matches (1826) John Walker (English) developed the first friction match which could be lit by striking sandpaper. The first safety match originated in 1844 by the Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch.

Motor car (1886) Carl Benz (Germany) is credited with the first patent for the modern motor car with a petrol combustion engine. Many similar designs were developed around the same time.

Pasteurisation . Invented by Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani, in 1768 – a process of killing bacteria in food. Louis Pasteur (1864) developed a more modern form of pasteurisation which helped make milk and wine safer to drink.

Penicillin (1928) Discovered by Alexander Fleming (Scot). who found the growth of penicillin on a jar of mould left overnight. Penicillin was later mass produced by Howard Florey (Aus) and a team of scientists enabling it to be used during the Second World War .

Petrol (1859) Edwin Drake (US) Modern drilling and refinement of oil into petrol began around the middle of Nineteenth Century. It enabled petrol to be used as a fuel in the internal combustion engine.

Also Read: Peoples Who Changed the World

Plastic (1862) Alexander Parkes (England) Parkes demonstrated a plastic which was made from heated cellulose and moulded into a shape. Other important developments include 1908 – Cellophane – Jacques E. Brandenberger

Printing Press (1450) Next Inventions That Changed the World was the first printing press was designed by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany. The printing press played a key role in the reformation of Martin Luther – as pamphlets and books were mass produced for the first time – showing the power of the printing presses.

Radio (1895) G.Marconi (Italy) sent and received the first radio waves in 1895. Nikola Tesla took out the first patent for radio using his Tesla’s coil.

Railways (1830) The first railways originated in England and they played a key role in the industrial revolution – helping with the transfer of goods and people. For the first time, people could travel across the country in less than a day. George Stephenson built the first inter-city railway between Liverpool and Manchester in 1830

Refrigerators (1748) -William Cullen (Scotland) Cullen displayed the first successful refrigeration at the University of Glasgow. Fridges use rapid cooling of gases as the main source of their artificial cooling effect. In 1805 Oliver Evans (US) invented the first refrigerator machine.

Stamps (1837) Rowland Hill proposed the first stamp as a way to offer cheap postal delivery. His proposals led to a universal postage system and the introduction of the first stamp – The Penny Black.

Read Also: Inventions and Discoveries

Steam Engines (1968) Thomas Savery developed first crude pressure cook style steam engine. Thomas Newcomen (1712) significantly developed this with an atmospheric steam engine (pumping steam into a cylinder) James Watt (1765) improved this with a condenser that could cool while the cylinder was hot. Watt’s steam engine became dominant design of industrial revolution

Telephone (1880s) Graham Alexander Bell (Scotland) Antonio Meucci (US) Both inventors have a claim for inventing the telephone – ability to speak to someone at a significant distance.

Television (1925) Many people contributed to the development of the TV. But, John Logie Baird is credited with displaying one of the first moving images on a TV screen. Logie made use of a Nipkow disc and a Cathode Ray tube.

Thermometer (17th Century) Galileo Galilei (Italy) claimed the Inventions That Changed the World of a thermoscope which showed changes in temperature as liquid expanded and contracted. Many other scientists contributed to the development of the thermometer (G.Bianci, Robert Fludd)

Tyres (1890) The pneumatic tyre was developed by John Boyd Dunlop in the 1880s. This helped to revolutionise transport – especially for the bicycle and motor car. The pneumatic tyre had an inner tube of air to help give a more comfortable ride than the solid tyres.

Water Wheel (4000BC) The water wheel was one of the first human Inventions That Changed the World to capture the mechanical energy and was used to help grind corn. In modern times, the water wheel was improved to drive an hydraulic turbine.

Wheel (4th millennium BC) The wheel is perhaps the oldest Inventions That Changed the World, and no-one is exactly certain when it was invented, but emerged in different regions independently. It enabled quicker transportation by chariots and pack drawn animal carriages.

X-Rays (1903) The use of X-Rays were pioneered by William Coolidge who invented the Coolidge tube. Marie Curie’s work on radiology enabled a big advance in X-ray technology and it was used in the First World War.

Must Read:

Amazing Facts About James Watt

Stephen Hawking

Who is Who – Important Persons in History of World

 

SOLAR AND LUNAR ECLIPSE

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Syskool
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The difference between solar and lunar eclipse: The total or partial obscuration of Sun’s light from an observer on earth is called solar eclipse and that of the moon is called the Lunar eclipse.

Cause of solar eclipse:

When the Moon takes up such a position between earth and the Sun that it partially or completely obscures the light of the Sun, the solar eclipse  is caused. Total obscuration is a total eclipse and partial obscuration is a partial eclipse.

 

Read Also: Fascinating Facts about Moon

Cause of Lunar eclipse:

When the earth takes a position between the Sun and the Moon that it casts its shadow on the Moon, the Lunar eclipse is cause

 

Must Read: 

Rohingya Crisis – All You Need To Know

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Syskool
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rohingya crisis

Who are Rohingya Muslims?

An ethnic group of Muslims that is often called as the most persecuted minority in the world, Rohingya Muslims are a majority of people who speak a dialect of their own that is different than the language spoken in the country of Myanmar living in the western province of Rakhine. About 1.1 million Rohingya living in the Southeast Asian countryof Myanmar are not considered among the 135 official ethnic groups and have been rejected citizenship since 1982 thus effectively leaving them stateless. Also, the Rohingya Muslims dwelling in the state of Rakhine have been restricted any movement without government permissions and is considered as one of the poorest states that lack basic amenities and opportunities.

Where are they from and why are they not considered?

According to sources, Rohingya Muslims have been living in the area since 12th century. As stated by the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation, the Rohingya Muslims have been in the Arakan area since time immemorial, where Arakan is referred to the Rakhine state of Myanmar. As per Human Rights Watch, the significant amount of migration from India to today’s Myanmar and Bangladesh during the years of British rule (1824-1948) was considered internal since Myanmar was administered by the British as a province of India. Negatively viewed by the majority, the migration of labourers after independence was considered illegal and hence refused the citizenship to the Rohingya majority, as per the 2000 report of Human Rights Watch. After the independence of Myanmar from the British rule, according to the Union Citizenship Act, the ethnicities could entitle citizenship. But as per a 2015 International Human Rights Clinic report, Rohingya Muslims were not included. Initially, Rohingya Muslims were given citizenship for those who had families living at least for two generations, and during this time, many also served in the parliament. But after the military coup in 1962 in Myanmar, there were drastic changes for the Rohingya. The opportunities for education and jobs were restricted since they were only given foreign identity cards. Again in 1982 a new citizenship law was passed as per which, the Rohingya Muslims were stateless. As a result, their rights were limited to marry, travel, work, study, practice their religion or access health services.

Where have the Rohingya Muslims fled to from Myanmar?

From the 1970s, the crackdowns enforced on the Rohingya have resulted in hundreds of thousands to move in to the neighbouring Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and various Southeast Asian countries. According to the reports of the United Nations, over 168000 Rohingya Muslims have left Myanmar since 2012. Also, according to the International Organisation for Migration, since October 2016, over 87000 Rohingya Muslims have sought shelter in Bangladesh due to the violent break out the previous year. Many RohingyaMuslims have also tried to enter Malaysia by means of a boat through the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Over a 1000 people have been killed and 500000 Rohingya Muslims have left for the neighbouring countries since the beginning of violence in Myanmar.

What is ARSA?

ARSA is the abbreviation of Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army that was previously known as Al-Yaqeen Faith Movement that states its obligation to defend, salvage and protect the Rohingya. The ARSA group of people says to do “with our best capacities as we have the legitimate right under international law to defend ourselves in line with the principle of self-defence. Inspite of the rejections stated by ARSA, the Myanmar government considers the community a terrorist organisation.

What is the solution to the overall challenge of the Rohingya?

Through all the bad times, there is a scope of hope for the Rohingya Muslims since the formation of the Advisory Commission on Rakhine state. Kofi Annan, former secretary general of UN, is supposed to head the nine-member commission. The Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi is no doubt not answering the awkward questions asked in favour of Rohingya Muslims. People are questioning the Nobel laureate for her help to those suffering. The state of Rakhine is increasingly segregated now and the commission is now the sole hope for the Rohingya. The recommendations and solutions put forward by the commission either will change the game or will bring more trouble.

Important River Valley Project

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Syskool
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dams india

Bhakra Nangal Project

It is on Sutlaj river in Punjab. It is dam highest in India with a height of 226 meter. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar Lake.

Mandi Project

On Beas in Himachal Pradesh.

Chambal Valley Project

On Chambal river in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Three dams are there:
  • Gandhi Sagar Dam
  • Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
  • Jawahar Sagar Dam

Damodar Valley Project

On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA.

Hirakud Project

On Mahanadi in Odisha. World’s longest dam: 4801 meter.

Rihand Project

On Son in Mirzapur. Reservoir is called Goind Vallabh Pant reservoir.

Kosi Project

On Kosi river in North Bihar.

Mayurakshi Project

On Mayurakshi river in West Bengal

Kakrapara Project

On Tapi in Gujarat

Nizamsagar Project

On Manjra in Andhra Pradesh

Nagarjunasagar Project

On Krishna in Andhra Pradesh

Tungabhadra Project

On Tungabhadra river in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

Shivsamudram Project

On Cauvery in Karnatka. It is the oldest river valley project of India (1902).

Tata Hydel Scheme

On Bhima in Maharashtra.

Sharavathi Hydel Project

On Jog Falls in Karnataka.

Kundah and Periyar Project

In Tamil Nadu

Farakka Project

On Ganga in West Bengal. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy navigation.

Ukai Project

On Tapi in Gajarat.

Mahi Project

On Mahi in Gujarat.

Salal Project

On Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir.

Mata Tilla Multipurpose Project

On Betwa river in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Thein Project

On Ravi river in Punjab.

Pong Dam

On Beas river in Punjab.

Tehri Project

On Bhagirthi river in Uttarakhand

Sardar Sarovar Project

On Narmada river in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Rock – Bunch of Different Minerals

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Syskool
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rock

A rock is a solid made up of a bunch of different minerals. Rocks are generally not uniform or made up of exact structures that can be described by scientific formulas. Scientists generally classify rocks by how they were made or formed.

Must Read: Minerals: India’s Mineral Resources

Three Major Types of Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks – Metamorphic rocks are formed by great heat and pressure. They are generally found in the Earth’s crust where there is enough heat and to form the rocks. Metamorphic rocks are often made from other types of rock. A sedimentary rock can be changed, or metamorphosed, into a metamorphic rocks such as slate or gneiss. Metamorphic rocks include marble, anthracite, soapstone, and schist.

Igneous Rocks – Igneous rocks are formed by volcanoes. When a volcano erupts, it spews out hot molten rock called magma or lava. Eventually, the magma will cool down and harden, either when it reaches the Earth’s surface or somewhere within the crust. This hardened magma or lava are called igneous rocks. Igneous rocks include basalt and granite.

Sedimentary Rocks – Sedimentary rocks are formed by years and years of sediment compacting together and becoming hard. Generally, something like a stream or river will carry lots of small pieces of rocks and minerals to a larger body of water. These pieces will settle at the bottom and over a really long time (perhaps millions of years), they will form into solid rocks. Sedimentary rocks are shale, limestone, and sandstone.

Also Read: Geothermal Energy

The Rock Cycle 

Rocks are constantly changing in what is called the rock cycle. It takes millions of years for rocks to change.

1. Melted rocks or magma is sent to the earth‘s surface by a volcano. It cools and forms an igneous rocks.
2. Next the weather, or a river, and other events will slowly break up this rocks into small pieces of sediment.
3. As sediment builds up and hardens over years, a sedimentary rock is formed.
4. Slowly this sediment rocks will get covered with other rocks and end up deep in the Earth’s crust.
5. When the pressure and heat get high enough, the sedimentary rock will metamorphose into a metamorphic rock and the cycle will start over again.

Space Rocks 

There are actually some rocks that come from space called meteorites. They may have different elements or mineral make up than a typical earth rock. Typically they are made up mostly of iron.

Have a Look at: Plateau

Interesting Facts about Rocks

  • The word “igneous” comes from the Latin word “ignis” which means “of fire.”
  • Ores are rocks that include minerals that have important elements such as metals like gold and silver.
  • Sedimentary rocks form layers at the bottoms of oceans and lakes.
  • Marble is a metamorphic rocks formed when limestone is exposed to high heat and pressure within the Earth.
  • Layers of sedimentary rocks are called strata.

Also, Read:

World’s 10 Greatest Ocean or Seas, Deserts, and Mountains

The Deadliest Earthquakes of the World

Facts about Desert Biomes

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