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Planning Commission of India

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Syskool
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Planning Commission of India

Planning Commission of India was an institution in the government of India, which formulated India’s Five-Year-Plans, among other functions.

There is no account of Planning Commission of India in the Indian Constitution. Therefore, it was constituted in the form of an advisory and specialised institution by means of a document of Government. Consequently, the Government has been changing its nature and organisation from time to time.

The Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed the first Chairman of Planning Commission, 5 full-time members were also nominated. The ministers and scholars have been nominated in this commission from time to time, the Prime Minister remains its ex-officio Chairman. The tenure of its members and Vice Chairman is not fixed. There is no definite qualification for its members. The members are appointed by Government for its own discretion. The number of its members keep on changing according to the wish of the Government.

Functions of the Planning Commission

1. To estimate the physical, capital and human resources of the country.

2. To prepare the  plan for making effective and balanced utilisation of human resource.

3. To determine the various stages of planning and to propose the allocation of resources on the priority basis.To              indicate those factors to the Government which proves an obstacle

4. To indicate those factors to the Government which prove an obstacle for the economic development and also to              determine those circumstances which are necessary for the implementation of the plans under existing social and        political situation.

5. To evaluate from time to time the progress achieved in every stage of the plan and also to suggest remedial                    measures.

6. To advice, the Centre and the State Government on special matters referred to the commission.

Related Posts:

History of Planning Commission in India

Terms Pertaining to Government

Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)

 

 

History of Planning Commission in India

By
Syskool
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Planning Commission in India

Planning Commission in India, the planned economic development began in 1951 with the inception of First Five Year Plan. The theoretical efforts for economic development in Indian economy had already begun before independence. In the year 1934, Sir M. Visheshvaraya wrote a book named ‘Planned Economy of India’, which was the first attempt in this direction. In 1938, the Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, made a National Planning Committee. Its recommendations could not be implemented due to the beginning of the Second World War and changes in the Indian Political Situation. In 1944, eight industrialists of Bombay presented the well-organised plan called “The Bombay Plan”, which could not be brought into action due to various reasons. In August 1944, the Indian Government inaugurated separate department called ‘The Planning and Development Department’ and appointed Sir Ardishar Dalal, the controller of Bombay Plan, as its acting member.

Inspired by the economic views of Mahatma Gandhi, Shri Sriman Narayan constructed a plan in 1944 which is known as ‘Gandhian Plan’. Mr. M. N. Rao, the Chairman of post-war Reconstruction Committee of Indian Trade Union, introduced a ‘People’s Plan’ in April 1945. The Planning Commission in India was introduced before independence again could not be implemented due to various reasons. In 1946, the Interim Government was formed in India. This Government established a High-Level Advisory Planning Board in order to study the problems of planning and development in the country. The Board studied all the problems very deeply and gave the recommendation to establish a stable planning commission in India at the central level which could continuously work for the planning and development of the country. In January 1950, Shri Jaiprakash Narayan published a plan called ‘Sarvodaya Plan‘. The Government did not accept the entire plan and adopted only a part of it. The Planning Commission in India was constituted on 15th March 1950, by the Government of India.
Until now ten five years plan and seven annual plans have been completed. Eleventh Plan (2007-12) which was finally approved by NDC on December 19, 2007, is in operation w.e.f. April 1, 2007.
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Constitutional Provisions for SC & ST

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Syskool
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Constitutional Provisions for SC & ST

Constitutional Provisions

The constitutional provisions for SC and ST are given below:

The Indian society is divided into four varnas, often referred as “Jatis or Casts”. At the lowest rung of the social hierarchy are ‘Sudras’ which has been designated as ‘Harijans’ by Gandhi and as ‘Scheduled Cast’ by the constitutions. These casts are called Scheduled Casts as these are included in the list or schedule prepared by the government. There are certain communities which have their own distinct culture and religion and are executed from the traditional social structure. These communities are called Scheduled Tribes in the Constitutions. As per the constitutional provisions (Article 341), the President of India shall prepare the list of such castes and tribes for the first time, in consultation with Governors of States. Parliament has been authorised to make subsequent modifications in such lists as and when required. It means the list of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes will not be same for all states but differ from state to state depending upon social and educational backwardness of such castes and communities. The Scheduled Cast order, 1950, issued by the Government of India states and certain castes belonging to only Hindu and Sikh religion are designated as Scheduled Casts. Thus, there are no Scheduled Casts outside these two religions. The Supreme Court of India in its verdicts in two cases – S. B. S. K. Federation (Railway) Vs. Union of India and State Bank of India, Kerala Vs. N. M. Thomas upheld that the term ‘Scheduled Casts’ does not mean some specific caste. The court, in tow other cases – Inder Prakash Vs. Dy. Commissioner, Delhi and Dadaji Vs. Sukhdev Babu declared that the authority to modify the list of Scheduled Casts and Scheduled Tribes lies with Parliament and the court shall not consider the claims of any cast and community to be included in such lists.

Read Also: Ambedkar : The Crusader Against Caste System

The following are the measures prescribed in the Constitutional provisions for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes:

  1. According to the Article 15, the state should not discriminate against any citizen only on the ground of caste, creed, etc. More positively, Article 15(4) further states that the state may (in spite of right to equality) make special provisions for the welfare of socially and educationally backward classes. Thus, if the State takes any measures in favour of these castes and communities if would not be challenged on the ground of right to equality.
  2. According to provisions of Article 19, the state can impose reasonable restrictions on the freedom of movement and residence of people, in the interest of Scheduled Tribes.
  3. Article 46 of Constitutional provisions directs the State to protect the educational interests of the weaker section of society especially the Scheduled Casts and Scheduled Tribes.
  4. According to the provisions of Article 330, 332 and 334, the seats are reserved in the Parliament and State Legislatures in favour of the Scheduled Casts and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their number in the population.
  5. Article 335 provides that the State shall consider the claim of members of SC/ST for making the reservation  in services, keeping in mind the efficiency of the administration.
  6. The Article 338 of the constitutional provision (as amended in 1990 by 65th Amendment) provides for the establishment of National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, which is assigned such duties as to investigate and monitor all matters related to the safeguards provided for the SC/ST in the constitution, to advice on the planning process of the development of SC/ST and to recommend suitable measures for the effective implementation of these safeguards and for the protection , welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  7. As per the provisions of Article 339, the President is authorised to appoint a Commission after 10 years of the commencement of the Constitution to report on the administration of Scheduled Area and the welfare of Scheduled Castes.
    The Government of India is also empowered to issue suitable directions to State for the welfare of Scheduled Area and Scheduled Tribes.
  8. Article 275(1) of the Constitution makes provision that the Union of India shall make grants to States for implementing welfare schemes in Scheduled Areas and for Scheduled Tribes.
  9. The Fifth and the Sixth Schedules of the constitution (with reference to article 244) make special provisions for the administration and welfare of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
  10. As per the provision of the Constitution, there shall be a separate Ministry in few states viz Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orissa etc. which will be charged with the responsibility for the welfare of Scheduled castes in the States.
  11. The 85th amendment of the Constitution restores reservation in promotion in government jobs to the member of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Also, Read:

Caste System of India & Anti-caste and untouchability movements

The caste system in India

What are the provisions for securing Indian citizenship?

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Syskool
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2
The methods of securing Indian citizenship are prescribed in the Indian Citizenship Act, 1955, which are given below:
1. Citizenship by Birth: Every person born in India on or after Jan. 26, 1950 shall be a citizen of India by birth, provided his/her father is not an enemy alien or a representative of diplomatic Mission.
2. Citizenship by Descent: A person born outside India on or after Jan. 26, 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent if his father or mother (as amended in 1992) is a citizen of India at the time of his/her birth; provided such birth is registered in any of Indian consulates.
3. Citizenship by Registration: Many categories of persons, who have not acquired Indian citizenship so far, can acquire citizenship by registering themselves to that effect before the prescribed authority. Such categories of persons are – (i) Persons of Indian origin residing outside the territories of undivided India, (ii) Those persons of Indian origin who are ordinarily residents in India and have been so resident for 6 months immediately before making application for registration; (iii) Women who are married to citizen of India; (iv) Children of Indian citizens; and (v) Adult citizens of UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Cylone, Zimbabwe, Nyasiland, and Republic of Ireland.
A person of Indian origin means, any person who himself or either of his parents or his grand parents is born in undivided India.
4. Naturalisation: A foreign citizen not covered by any of the above methods, can get Indian citizenship on application of Naturalisation to the Government of India; with the following conditions-
(1) He should not be citizen of a country, with respect to which Government of India has prohibited naturalisation ;
(2) he has surrendered the the citizenship of his country;
(3) he has be ordinarily resident of India for atleast one year before making application or has been in service under the Indian Government;
(4) he has been a resident of India for 7 years or has been in service for four years under the Government of India just before the one year period mentioned above;
(5) he bears a good moral character;
(6) he has the knowledge of any of the Indian languages mentioned in the eighth schedule of the constitution of India;
(7) after getting the citizenship through naturalisation, he intend to reside in India or to serve under the Government of India.
The Government of India has the discretion to relax any or all the above conditions with respect to those applicants for naturalisation, who have made significant contribution in the field of art, literature, science, philosophy, world peace or human progress. As amended in 1985, this provision of relaxing the above condition is also applicable with respect to the person applying for Indian citizenship under Assam Agreement.
(5) Citizenship by incorporation of Territory: If any new territory becomes a part of India shall specify as to which persons of that territory shall be citizens of India. Only such specified persons shall be given citizenship of India.
Amendment in the Citizenship Act -Parliament amended the Citizenship Act (1955) in 1992 to make provisions that child born outside India shall also be the citizen of India, if the mother of such child is a citizen of India. Before this amendment. Only that child was entitled to get citizenship whose father was citizen of India.

If Vidhan Sabha of a state is under dissolution, the elections to the office of President can be held or not?

By
Syskool
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4
Vidhan Sabha

The constitution prescribes that the members of the Vidhan Sabha of each state shall be part of the Electoral College constituted for the election of President. However, the constitution does not provide specifically whether members of Vidhan Sabha of each state shall be available during the election or not. But it was subsequently incorporated by 11th Constitutional Amendment, 1961, that the election of the president can not be challenged on the ground of any vacancy in Electoral College, constituted for the election of President.

During 1974 elections to the office of the President, the Vidhan Sabha of Gujarat was under dissolution and this matter was referred to the Supreme Court for its legal opinion on this issue. The court held the opinion that the elections to the office of president may be held even during the dissolution of the Vidhan Sabha of the state.
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