Over the last decades, the economic growth has taken place resulting in pulling out about 660 million people from poverty and lifting the income levels of a million more people, but costing the environment and the poor communities in return. Through various ways of institutional failures, policies and markets, the natural resource of Earth has been exhausted in ways that result in economic wastage and inefficiency without the value of real costs of the depletion. Sustainable development is to recognize the growth of both inclusive and natural benefit and hence reduce poverty and building prosperity for the years to come along with efficient planning delivering both immediate and long-term results in the favour of the planet and the people.

The Sustainable Development Goals, also known as global goals, are calls to the universe for some action to be taken to ensure prosperity and peace, protect the Mother Earth and cease poverty. The Millennium Development Goals has 17 goals built to succeed that also include new regions like justice and peace, sustainable consumption, innovation, economic inequality and climate change over which these are priorities. Since the goals are interconnected to each other, the key to succeed is to tackle one or more problems at a time that are somehow common or related to each other so as to achieve success.

The Sustainable Development Goals work so as to achieve the spirit of pragmatism and partnership so as to improve life now by making the right choices with sustainability to ensure benefit to the following generations. It also provides with clear targets and guidelines for the countries part of it to adopt in accordance to their respective priorities and the whole scale environmental issues and challenges of the world. The Sustainable Development Goals usually are inclusive of using agenda propaganda to tackle the root causes of challenges including poverty so as to unite all together making optimistic changes for both the planet and the people.

The Sustainable Development Goals were in action by January 2016 that will continue to be guided by the United Nations Development Programme and funded for the following 15 years. The UNDP is such placed to efficiently implement the Sustainable Development Goals through various works across the globe including about 170 territories and countries. Civil societies, businesses and governments along with the United Nations have initiated efforts to mobilize and succeed the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda by 2030. Indivisible and inclusive, this universal agenda calls to action for improvising lives of people globally. In 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development along with its 17Sustainable Development Goals was adopted by countries. In 2016, Paris Agreement for climatic change was included to address the need of limiting the rise in global temperatures.

Though the Sustainable Development Goals are not legally binding, the countries that are part of it are expected to establish and take the responsibility for providing with a national framework so as to achieve its goals. The implementation of the goals and their success rely on the programmes, plans and sustainable development policies of the respective countries. Also, the countries are responsible for the review and follow-up at the global, national and regional levels in consideration to its progress made with respect to the implementation and targets set. The actions taken at national level require progress that has to be monitored with quality, timely and accessible data collection and regional follow-upalong with reviews. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals have 169 targets and hence are broader in scope, which go further in addressing the main causes of poverty and the universal necessity for work and development of all people. The goals are to cover the three dimensions of sustainable development which are environmental protection, social inclusion and economic growth.

The main goal is to strengthen the capabilities of people and provide them with opportunities so as to reduce poverty and marginalisation and hence focusing on the most excluded and vulnerable population communities and making sustainable ways for environmental, social and economical standpoints.

The term Industries indicates to an economic activity that is concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories. Indian Industries covers a wide range of activities and has enormous possibility of growth.

Industrial Policies

• Industrial Policies were launched in 1948, 1956, 1977, 1980 and 1991.
• Industrial Policy 1956 is called ‘Economic Constitution of India’ and gave public sector the strategic edge.
• Industrial Policy 1991 opened up the economy.
• The main aims were: (a) to end license-permitraj; (b) to integrate Indian economy with the outer world; (c) to remove restrictions on FDI and (d) to reform public sectors.

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Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)

• Industries requiring compulsory licensing (a) distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks; (b) cigar and cigarettes of tobacco; (c) electronic aerospace and defence equipment; (d) industrial explosives; (e) specific hazardous chemicals.
• Areas reserved for public sector are (a) atomic energy – production, separation and enrichment of fissionable materials; and (b) railways.
• Present policy on PSEs is to (a) not to privatize profit-making companies and to modernize and revive sick companies; (b) initial public offering route to disinvestment.
• There are 249 Central PSEs as on 31^st March, 2010.

Navratnas and Maharatnas

• The concept of Navratnas were started in 1997. At present there are 16 Navratnas and 65 Miniratnas.
• Navratnas Bharat Electronics Ltd, BPCL, HAL, HPCL, MTNL, NALCO, National Mineral Development Corporation, Nevyeli Lingnite Company Ltd, Oil Corporation of India Ltd, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd, Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd and Shipping Corporation of India Ltd.
• Maharatnas were started in 2009. Seven Maharatnas BHEL, GAIL (India) Ltd, ONGC, SAIL, IOC, NTPC and Coal India Ltd.

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Committees

• Hazari Committee on Industrial Policy.
• Subimal Dutt Committee on Industrial licensing.
• Abid Hussain Committee on Small Scale Industry.
• C Rangarajan Committee on disivestment.
• Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) – Arjun Sengupta.

Small Scale Industry

• A new thrust to small scale industry, given in Industrial Policy of 1977.
• MSMED Act, 2006 and new definition. Contributes 8% to GDP, 45% to all manufacture and 40% to exports.
• According to the 4^th Census (2009) of SSIs, 67% of the MSME are in manufacturing and 33% are in services sector.

Major Industries in India

Iron and Steel

• 1^st Steel Industry at Kulti, Paschim banga – Bengal Iron Works Company was established in 1870.
• 1^st large scale steel plant – TISCO at Jamshedpur (1907) by IISCO at Burnpur (1919), Paschimbanga.
• The first public sector unit was Visvesvaraya iron and steel works at Bhadrawati.
• Presently, India is the 4^th largest producer of steel and comes 1^st in the production of sponge iron.

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Jute Industry

• First modernized industry unit was established at Rishra in Paschimbanga in 1855.
• India ranks No. 1 in jute production and No. 2 in raw jute exports after Bangladesh.
• More than 2/3^rd jute industry is concentrated in Paschimbanga.

Cotton and Textile Industry

• Largest organized and broad-based industry accounting for 4% of GDP, 20% of manufacture value added and one third of total exports earning.
• The first Indian modernized cotton cloth mill was established in 1818 at Fort Golster (Calcutta). The second mill named Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, established in 1854 at Bombay by KGN Daber.
• The Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) under, World Trade Organization ended on 31^st December, 2004, finally integrating textile sector into WTO rules. Programmes Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (PTUFS) 1999; Scheme for Integrated Textile Park ()SITP), July 2005.

Sugar Industry

• India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world with a 22% share.
• It is the second largest agro-based industry in the country.
• BB Mahajan Committee is related to sugar industry. Sugar Development Fund was set up in 1982.

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Cement Industry

• First Cement producing unit was set up at Paschimbanga, Porbandar (Gujarat), in 1914.
• India is the second largest producer of cement in the world.

Fertilizer Industry

• First fertilizer industry at Ranipet (Chennai) in 1906.
• India meets its 85% requirement of urea indigenously.
• India is the third largest producer of fertilizers in the world after China and USA. NPK consumption ratio in 2008-09 was 4.6:2:1.

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