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Human Rights – UN Declaration & Indian Constitution

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Syskool
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human rights

United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity. – Article 1

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, nation, property, birth or other status. – Article 2

Everyone has the right to life liberty and security of person. – Article 3

Slavery and slave trade is prohibited. – Article 4

No one shall be subject to torture. – Article 5

All are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection of law. – Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. – Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of law. Article 8

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. – Article 9

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing. – Article 10

Everyone has right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty. – Article 11

Everyone has right to protection of law against arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. – Article 12

Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within border and has the right to leave any country, including his own. – Article 13

Everyone has the right to a nationality. – Article 15

Everyone has freedom of thought, conscience and religion. – Article 18

Everyone has right to work. – Article 23

Everyone has the right to education. – Article 26

Read more: United Nations (UN) and its Principal Organs

Indian Constitution and Human Rights

Articles 13 declares that all laws in so far they are inconsistent with the Fundamental Rights, be void, to the extent of inconsistency, and further the State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges these rights and any law made in contravention, shall be void.

Article 14 secures equality before law to all persons.

Article 15 prohibits discrimination among the citizens on the ground of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article 16 ensures equal opportunity to them in the matters of public employment.

Article 19 assures freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peacefully and without arms, to form association and unions; to move freely throughout the territory of India; to reside and settle in any part of the country, trade and business etc.

Article 21guarantees equal protection of the law and prohibits deprivation of life and personal liberty.

Article 23 prohibits traffic of human beings and forced labour.

Article 24 prohibits child labour.

Article 25-30 assures freedom of conscience and right to manage religious institutions; as well as makes provisions for protection of the minorities and their places of worship and educational institutions.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) provides for a lot of social and economic benefits for the citizens to be attained in future.

Also, there are several laws like Protection of Civil Rights Act, Employees State Insurance Acts, the Dowry Prohibition Act, The Workmen Compensation Act, The Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act, The Minimum Wage Act, Environmental Protection Act, and many more other are there to ensure human rights of citizens.

You may also like reading

Fundamental Rights – Detailed Analysis Part I

Fundamental Rights – Detailed Analysis Part 2

 

Bicameral Parliamentary System

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Syskool
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3
A bicameral parliamentary system is a system of two legislative Chambers. Indian system is bicameral because both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are involved in the process of making new laws. Bicameral literally means ‘two chambers’.

Countries with Bicameral Parliamentary System:

  1. Australia-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  2. Austria-Parliament–Federal Council–National Council
  3. Antigua and Barbuda-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  4. The Bahamas-Parliament–Senate–House of Assembly
  5. Barbados-Parliament–Senate–House of Assembly
  6. Belize–National Assembly–Senate–House of Representatives
  7. Belgium-Federal Parliament–Senate–Chamber of Representatives
  8. Bhutan-Parliament (Chitshog)–Bhutan will become a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy in 2008–National Council (Gyalyong Tshogde)– National Assembly (Gyalyong Tshogdu)
  9. Canada-Parliament–Senate–House of Commons
  10. Czech Republic-Parliament–Senate–Chamber of Deputies
  11. Ethiopia-Federal Parliamentary Assembly–House of Federation– House of People’s Representatives
  12. Germany–Bundesrat (Federal Council)–Bundestag (Federal Diet)
  13. Grenada-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  14. India-Parliament–Rajya Sabha (Council of States)–Lok Sabha (House of People)
  15. Ireland-Oireachtas–Seanad Éireann–Dáil Éireann
  16. Iraq-National Assembly–Council of Union [2]–Council of Representatives
  17. Italy-Parliament–Senate of the Republic–Chamber of Deputies
  18. Jamaica-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  19. Japan-Diet–House of Councillors–House of Representatives
  20. Malaysia-Parliament–Dewan Negara–Dewan Rakyat
  21. The Netherlands-States-General–Eerste Kamer–Tweede Kamer
  22. Pakistan-Majlis-e-Shoora–Senate–National Assembly
  23. Poland-Parliament–Senate–Sejm
  24. Romania-Parliament–Senate–Chamber of Deputies
  25. Saint Lucia-Parliament–Senate–House of Assembly
  26. Slovenia-Parliament–National Council–National Assembly
  27. South Africa-Parliament–National Council of Provinces–National Assembly
  28. Spain-Cortes Generales–Senate–Congress of Deputies
  29. Switzerland-Federal Assembly–Council of States–National Council
  30. Thailand-National Assembly [3]–Senate–House of Representatives
  31. Trinidad and Tobago-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  32. United Kingdom-Parliament–House of Lords–House of Common

Also, Read:

Constitutional Development in India From Regulating Act 1773 to Govt. of India Act 1935

Borrowed Features of The Constitution

Unicameral Parliamentary System

Today in History – 25 February

By
Syskool
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1
today in history 25 feb

today in history 25 feb

1510

Portuguese Catholics conquer Goa under Albuquerque, the then Governor, to serve as capital of their Asian maritime empire beginning conquest and exploitation of India by Europeans.

1586

King Birbal, renowned wit and one amongst the ‘Navratna’ of Emperor Akbar’s Court, died in a war with Usuf Jard Kabile.

1760

Lord Clive left India. His successors as Governors of India were J. Holwell and H. Vansittart from July 1760 to 1765. He was re-posted to India on May 3, 1765.

1909

Gandhiji arrested at Volksrust; sentenced to 3 months.

1910

Dalai Lama, Tibeten monk, flees from Chinese troops and takes refuge in India.

1963

Nehru refuses to recognize China-Pakistan border pact in New Delhi.

1968

Judge Mohammad Hidayatullah became the Chief Justice of India. He held this office till 16/12/1970.

1976

India announces plan to penalize parents who have more than two children.

1977

Second satellite Earth Station established at Dehradun.

1998

Tendulkar’s first first-class 204* for Mumbai vs Australia.

State Legislative Assemblies/ Councils – MLA and MLC

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Syskool
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mla mlc

All the States of India and some of Union Territories have legislative assemblies as their state legislature. Members of these legislative assemblies are elected by the voters of the state in the elections held in every five years on the basis of adult franchise votes.

Each Member of Legislative Assembly(MLA) represents his constituency in the state legislature. Any person above age 25, who can vote and become a member of parliament can also become an MLA.

Among Union territories, Delhi and Puducherry have got their Assemblies.

Member of Legislative Council – MLC

There are Seven States in India having a bicameral legislature. Upper house in these states is known as Vidhan Parishad or Legislative Council. Name of these states are as follows:

  1. Andhra Pradesh
  2. Bihar
  3. Jammu and Kashmir
  4. Karnataka
  5. Maharashtra
  6. Telangana
  7. Uttar Pradesh

Total strength of any legislative council cannot be less than 40 or more than one-third of the total strength of the Legislative Assembly of that State.

Members of Legislative Councils are elected for a six-year period and one-third members of the total strength of council retire in every second year. Any able Indian citizen with 30 years of age can become MLC.

legislative council composition

 

State Websites

You may click the following links to check official websites of all Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils in the country. Each website here also contains a list of Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and Legislative Council (MLCs).

Andhra Pradesh – aplegislature.org
Arunachal Pradesh – arunachalassembly.gov.in
Assam – assamassembly.gov.in
Bihar – vidhansabha.bih.nic.in
Chhattisgarh – cgvidhansabha.gov.in
Delhi – delhiassembly.nic.in
Goa – goavidhansabha.gov.in
Gujarat – gujaratassembly.gov.in
Haryana – haryanaassembly.gov.in
Himachal Pradesh – hpvidhansabha.nic.in
Jammu & Kashmir – legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in
Jharkhand – jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in
Karnataka – www.kla.kar.nic.in/
Kerala – niyamasabha.org
Madhya Pradesh – mpvidhansabha.nic.in
Maharashtra – mls.org.in
Manipur – manipurassembly.nic.in
Meghalaya – megassembly.gov.in
Mizoram – mizoram.nic.in
Nagaland – nagaland.nic.in
Odisha – ws.ori.nic.in
Punjab – legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in
Rajasthan – rajassembly.nic.in
Sikkim – sikkim.gov.in
Tamil Nadu – assembly.tn.gov.in
Tripura – tripura.gov.in
Uttarakhand –  uk.gov.in
Uttar Pradesh – uplegassembly.nic.in
West Bengal – wbassembly.gov.in

You May Also Like:

  • Legislative Relation Between Centre and State in India
  • Membership of State Legislature
  • Wavell Plan & Simla Conference

Today in History – 24 February

By
Syskool
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2
today in history 24 feb
today in history 24 feb

1786

Charles Cornwallis appointed Governor-General of India.

1948

The State of Junagarh, whose accession to India was protested by Pakistan in the UN Security Council, voted in favour of India in a popular referendum held on 20 February.

1961

Government of Madras province was renamed as Tamil Nadu.

1974

Pakistan officially recognized Bangladesh.

1976

Cuba adopted new Constitution.

1988

Prithvi, India’s first indigenous designed surface-to-surface tactical missile of 250km, was successfully test fired from Sriharikota. India becomes the fifth country to develop such a missile.

1989

Fatwa against writer Salman Rushdie by Supreme religious leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini.

2008

Cuban President Fidel Castro left his post of President after 50 years.

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