Nehru welcomes British independence offer, invites Muslims to join at New Delhi.
1958
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad passed away in New Delhi, India. He was a great leader, great orator, revolutionary and fighter for national freedom. Some of his works which are the masterpieces of the Urdu language are “”Ghubari-Khatir”” and Tadhkirah””. He was Minister of Education in the first Indian Government.
1977
Emergency and ‘MISSA’ laws were cancelled.
1978
Judge Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud became the Chief Justice of India. He held this office till 11/07/1985. He was the longest-serving Chief Justice in India’s history at 7 years and 4 months.
The Indian Audits and Accounts Department has a history of more than hundred years old. The Indian Audits and Accounts Department was formed in 1860 and Government Accounting and Auditing functions were placed under the Auditor General of India. The Auditor General was given statutory recognition in 1919. The status of the Auditor General was further enhanced in 1935. The Auditor General was redesignated as the Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) of India in 1950. The CAG’s DPC (Duties, Powers, and Conditions of Service) Act was formulated in 1971.
IAAS is one of the Group A Central Civil Service of India. The cadre controlling authority for IAAS is the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The selected candidates’ training ground is at National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.
Conducts both regularity audit and efficiency-cum-performance audit of all units and formations of the Union and State Governments, Government Companies, Autonomous Bodies and such other organizations that are substantially financed by the Union and State Governments.
Compilation of accounts of the State Governments and in many states, regulation and authorization of entitlements such as provident fund and pensionary benefits of State Government employees.
Scrutiny of intricate contracts, understanding of tax and revenue laws, assessing the financial health of commercial corporations.
Industry knowledge may be required for implementation of different country-wise schemes for rural development, health services, education etc.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 which is popularly known as Domestic Violence Act, 2005 was enacted by the Parliament on 13th September 2005 and came into effect on 26th October 2006. It is a comprehensive Act which is primarily meant to provide protection to the wife or female live-in partner from violence at the hands of the husband or male live-in partner or his relatives.
The protection of women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
Enacted by Parliament on 13th September, 2005.
Come into effect on 26th October, 2006.
It intends to provide protection to the wife or female live-in partner from violence at the hands of the husbands or male live-in partner or his relatives.
It also extends its protection to women who are sisters, widows or mothers.
Child abuse is also included in it.
Harrassment by way of dowry demand is included under it as an offence.
Act provides for the appointment of protection officers by the Government to help the victims.
Punishment of one years maximum imprisonment and Twnety thousand rupees each or both to the offenders is mentioned
The Domestic Violence Act, 2005 is to extend its protection to women who are sisters, widows or mothers..
Domestic violence under the Domestic Violence Act 2005, includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse whether physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or economical.
Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the women or her relatives would also be covered under this act as an offence.
Main features of the Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Domestic Violence Act, 2005 widens the scope of the term women and also violence or abuse to them. The Act now covers women who are or have been in a relationship with the abuser where both parties have lived together in a shared household and are related by consanguineous marriage or a relationship in the nature of marriage, or adoption in addition relation-ship with family members living together as a joint family are also included. Sisters, widows, mothers, single women or living with the abuser are entitled to get legal protection under this Act.
The Definition of Domestic Violence has been modified under this Act and it includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse that is physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic and further harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the woman or her relatives would also be covered under this definition.
Right to Secure Housing is one of the most important features of the Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The Act provides for the woman’s right to reside in the matrimonial or shared household, whether or not she has any title or rights in the household. This right is secured by a residence order, which is passed by a court.
Under the Act, court can pass protection orders that prevent the abuser from aiding or committing an act of domestic violence or any other specified act, entering a workplace or any other place frequented by the abused, attempting to communicate with the abused, isolating any assets used by both the parties and causing violence to the abused, her relatives and others who provide her assistance from the domestic violence.
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, provides for appointment of protection officers and NGOs to provide assistance to the woman for medical examination, legal aid and safe Shelter.
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, provides for breach of protection order or interim protection order by the respondent as a cognisable and non-bailable offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with both. Non-compliance or discharge of duties by the protection officer is also sought to be made an offence under the Act with similar punishment.
Domestic Violence Act, 2005 has covered the legal loophole in the Justice delivery system for women in India, presently, where a woman is subjected to cruelty by her husband or his relatives. It is an offence under Section 498A of the IPC. The civil law does not, however address this issue in its entirety. Therefore, it was necessary to enact a law, keeping in view the rights guaranteed under articles 14, 15 and 21 in the Constitution of India to provide for a remedy under the Civil Law, which is intended to protect the women from being victims of domestic violence and to prevent the occurrence of domestic violence in the society. This Act is an important step in that direction.
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, has been hailed by a large section of society, including the Human right activists, feminists and other women organisations as an extremely progressive piece of legislation in the direction of providing equal socio-economic rights and empowerment to the women in the country.
While there is a section which questions the effectiveness of the Act when there are already various penal laws for woman to seek remedy like, Sec. 498A (cruelty against women) 304/B (dowry death), 306 (abetment to suicide) of IPC and Sec. 125 of CrPC. Further, so far there are various instances of misuse of these Laws. So enacting another law would lead to more abuse of the Laws.
The Government has passed the law, it now needs to put in place the mechanism of implementation. For this the government has to provide funding to en-courage the registration of service providers who will need the protections of this new law.
The Government will also have to initiate a wide-spread campaign for public awareness. It also needs to implement training programs to sensitise the police, media and judiciary to the dimensions, scope and functioning of this new law.
What Is a Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) Measurement?
Motivation and Applications
Quantum Measurement Backaction
Conditions for QND Measurements
Commutativity and Conserved Observables
QND vs Projective and Weak Measurements
QND Hamiltonian Interactions
Example: Photon Number QND Measurement
Example: QND of Atomic Population
Gravitational Wave Detection and QND
QND in Cavity QED and Circuit QED
QND with Optomechanical Systems
Measurement of Quantum Jumps
Role in Quantum Error Correction
Quantum State Preparation via QND
Measurement-Based Quantum Feedback
Challenges and Limitations
Experimental Realizations
Conclusion
1. Introduction
Quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements allow the extraction of information about a quantum system without altering the observable being measured. They provide a way to monitor quantum systems repeatedly and precisely without collapse-induced destruction of the state.
2. What Is a Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) Measurement?
A QND measurement determines the value of an observable while preserving its future measurability. Repeated measurements yield the same outcome, indicating that the observable is unaffected by the act of measurement.
3. Motivation and Applications
Monitor quantum systems continuously
Prepare and stabilize quantum states
Enable quantum feedback and control
Support quantum error correction protocols
Essential in high-precision and low-noise measurements
4. Quantum Measurement Backaction
Standard quantum measurements perturb the system due to backaction. In QND, the observable commutes with the system’s Hamiltonian and the measurement operator, eliminating such disturbance.
5. Conditions for QND Measurements
The observable \( \hat{O} \) must commute with the system Hamiltonian: \[ [\hat{H}, \hat{O}] = 0 \]
The interaction Hamiltonian must couple the system to the probe without disturbing \( \hat{O} \).
6. Commutativity and Conserved Observables
If \( \hat{O} \) is a conserved quantity (\( [\hat{O}, H] = 0 \)), its value remains unchanged over time. Measuring such observables does not collapse the state destructively, satisfying QND conditions.
7. QND vs Projective and Weak Measurements
Type
Collapse
Repeatability
System Disturbance
Projective
Yes
No
High
Weak
No
Limited
Minimal
QND
Yes/No
Yes
Minimal (on observable)
8. QND Hamiltonian Interactions
A typical interaction Hamiltonian is: \[ H_{ ext{int}} = \hbar g \hat{O} \otimes \hat{P} \] where \( \hat{O} \) is the system observable and \( \hat{P} \) is the conjugate observable of the measurement apparatus (probe).
9. Example: Photon Number QND Measurement
In cavity QED, atoms interact dispersively with a cavity. The phase shift in atomic levels reveals the number of photons \( n \) without absorbing them, leaving the photon number unchanged.
10. Example: QND of Atomic Population
In atomic ensembles, measuring population differences via Faraday rotation of probe light enables QND of spin projection, crucial for spin squeezing and quantum memory.
11. Gravitational Wave Detection and QND
QND techniques are proposed to overcome quantum limits in interferometric gravitational wave detectors (LIGO). They suppress backaction from radiation pressure noise.
12. QND in Cavity QED and Circuit QED
In cavity QED: Non-destructive readout of photon numbers
In circuit QED: Qubit state measured via dispersive shift of cavity frequency, preserving coherence of non-measured degrees of freedom
13. QND with Optomechanical Systems
QND of mechanical displacement or energy levels is achieved via radiation pressure interaction between light and moving mirrors in optical cavities.
14. Measurement of Quantum Jumps
QND enables observation of quantum jumps between energy levels in real time, revealing discrete nature of quantum state evolution.
15. Role in Quantum Error Correction
QND syndrome extraction allows detection of errors without destroying the encoded quantum information, essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing.
16. Quantum State Preparation via QND
Repeated QND measurements conditionally project the system into desired eigenstates, facilitating quantum state engineering and purification.
17. Measurement-Based Quantum Feedback
QND enables real-time monitoring and adaptive feedback to stabilize quantum systems or implement error-corrective control protocols.
18. Challenges and Limitations
Technical noise and decoherence
Imperfect isolation from other observables
Implementation of true non-demolition interactions in large systems
19. Experimental Realizations
QND has been realized in:
Microwave cavities with Rydberg atoms
Circuit QED with superconducting qubits
Atomic ensembles and squeezed light
Optomechanical systems and cold atoms
20. Conclusion
Quantum non-demolition measurements provide a vital tool for quantum control, sensing, and information processing. By enabling repeated, non-invasive observation, they push the boundaries of measurement precision and quantum system manipulation.
Schedules in the Constitution of India : The Constitution of India contains twelve Schedules in the Constitution of India from 1 to 12.
Schedules in the Constitution of India
First Schedule:Â List of State and Union Territories.
Second Schedule:Â Salary of President, Governors, Chief Judges, Judges of High Court and Supreme Court, Comptroller and Auditor General
Third Schedule: Forms of Oaths and Affirmations
Fourth Schedule: Allocate seats for each State of India in Rajya Sabha
Fifth Schedule:Administration and control of Scheduled area and tribes
Sixth Schedule: Provisions for administration of Tribal Area in Asom, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
Seventh Schedule:Â Allocation of power and function between Union and States. It contains three lists:
Union List (for Central Government): 98 subjects
State List (for State Government): 62 subjects
Concurrent List (both Union and State): 52 subjects
Eighth Schedule: List of 22 languages of India recognized by the constitution. Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telegu, and Urdu were in the list from beginning. Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21st amendment; Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were added in 1992 by 71st amendment; Santhali, Maithili, Bodo, and Dogri were added in 2003 by 92nd amendment.
Ninth Schedule: Added by 1st amendment in 1951. Contains acts and orders related to land tenure, land tax, railways, industries.
Tenth Schedule: Added by 52nd amendment in 1985. Contains provisions of disqualification on grounds of  defection.
Eleventh Schedule:Â Added by 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Panchayati Raj.
Twelfth Schedule:Â Added by 74th amendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Municipal Corporation.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 which is popularly known as Domestic Violence Act, 2005 was enacted by the Parliament on 13th September 2005 and came into effect on 26th October 2006. It is a comprehensive Act which is primarily meant to provide protection to the wife or female live-in partner from violence at the hands of the husband or male live-in partner or his relatives.
