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United Nations (UN) and its Principal Organs

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United Nations

As an international organization, the United Nations was formed to promote and establish world peace and cooperation. The origin of the creation of UN goes back to another organization called the League of Nations that was formed after the World War I. The League was created with an objective to make sure that in future nations would settle all their disputes peacefully without going to war.

However, the League of Nations failed in its objective and the World had to endure the second World War in 1939. The cause for the League’s failure was that powerful states like Russia and USA did not join the League.

The United Nations was established after the end of the World War II in 1945, with the mission to develop good relations between nations, maintain world peace; encourage cooperation in solving the World’s problems, and promote respect for human rights.

The United Nations, an organization of nations that confirm to cooperate with one another, brings together countries that are large and small, rich and poor and have different political and social systems.

Member nations of the UN take a vow to abstain from using force or the threat of force against other countries to Settle their disputes peacefully, and to deny help to any notion that opposes UN actions.The membership of UN is open to any country that is ready to advance the UN mission and follow its rules very strictly.

Must Read: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

Principal Organs of the UN

The United Nations has six principal organs:

  • the General Assembly,
  • the Security Council,
  • the Economic and Social Council,
  • the Secretariat,
  • the International Court of Justice and
  • the Trusteeship Council.

The general Assembly considers on major issues. The Security Council has the task of deciding certain resolutions for peace and security. The Economic and Social Council helps in encouraging international economic and social cooperation and growth. The Secretariat caters the information and facilities required by the UN. The International Court of Justice function as the principal judicial body and the Trusteeship Council, that suspended its operation after the last trust obtained its sovereignty in 1994.

Funding of United Nations

In order to function smoothly and efficiently the United Nations requires a lot of money for which it gets annual funding from its 192 member States. The amount a member state’s ability to pay.

To calculate a member state’s contribution its national income, population and level of debt are taken into consideration. Thus wealthier nations contribute more than their poorer counterparts.

Read Also: Story of United Kingdom – History in nutshell

Official Languages of of the United Nations

To overcome the language barriers the UN, as an International Organization in which almost every country of the world is represented, uses six official languages in its documents and meetings. These languages are – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. However, the Secretariat of the United Nations use two working language – English and French.

Power of Veto in UN

Five of the 15 members of the Security council hold permanent seats. These five members are United States of America, United Kingdom, France, Russia and China. These five countries, as they were the winning powers at the culmination of the World War II and they still are considered the bulk of the World’s military power, have the “power of Veto”. This power of Veto, also known as Veto right, gives the permanent members of the Security Council the power to overturn any decision of the Security Council. The sole purpose of this power of Veto is to restrict any one country from becoming too much powerful and having its own way in the functioning of the Security Council.

At present decisions of the Security Council of the United Nations need nine votes; however, any one of the permanent members has a right to Veto an important decision.

Read Also: Brief History of United States of America

Importance of the UN Security Council

Since it is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security, the security Council is considered very important; it has real power to get things done.,

The Security Council considers and recommends the admission of new member states in the United Nations and issues notices to member states to take action against those who breach the rules set by United Nations. The Security Council the only UN organ that has the power to demand military actions.

Barring the five permanent members of the security council, the remaining ten members of the Council are temporary as they are elected for two years terms by the United Nations General Assembly.

The meetings of the Security Council are considered very exciting as the members of the security council sit around a horse shoe-shaped table and summon delegates from member nations for discussion, at any time of the day or might.

Functions of the UN Secretariat

The  UN Secretariat administers the policies and programmes laid down by the other bodies of the United Nations. The Secretary-General, the head of the UN Secretariat, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the security Council for a five-year term that is renewable also.

The UN Secretariat has an international staff of about 8,900 taken from about 170 countries. These staff work in duty stations all over the world and carry out the day-to-day works, of diverse nature, of the organization.

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Today in History – 16 February

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today in history 16 feb

1927

Rail service started between India and Nepal.

1931

Viceroy Lord Irwin meets Mahatma Gandhi for the first time.

1933

Surya Sen Masterda, revolutionary freedom fighter, who attacked the Armoury of Chittagong with 62 men of the Indian Republican Army and was underground on Jalalabad Hills, was arrested.

1944

Dadasaheb Phalke passed away in Nasik at the age of 74. He is remembered as the ‘Father of Indian Cinema’. He produced India’s first feature Film, ‘Raja Harishchandra’. He was Director, Producer, Writer, Editor & Laboratorian. Dada Saheb Phalke Award issued by Government of India is given in his memory.

He was born on 30 April 1870 and breathed his last on 16 February 1944 at the age of 74 years. In his career of 19 years, he made 95 full-length movies and 26 short movies.

1980

The first visible Total Solar Eclipse of the 20th Century was seen. This succeeded the total solar eclipse after 22 June 1898.

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How to Improve Your Communication Skill?

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Improve your communication skill

Communication is a two way process so to improve your communication skill involves two process, both how we send and receive messages. The ability to communicate effectively is important in relationships, education and work. So focus on the matter you want to communicate. Do not say the first thing that comes into your head but instead take a moment and pay close attention to what you say and how you say it.

You may have memorized endless lists of vocabulary, you may know all the grammar needed to hold any conversation and still find yourself at a loss when wanting to express yourself.

Here are some steps and tips to help you improve your communication skills.

Have courage to say what you think.

Be confident in knowing that you can make worthwhile contributions to conversation. Take time each day to be aware of your opinions and feelings so you can adequately convey them to others. Individuals who are hesitant to speak because they do not feel their input would be worthwhile need not fear. What is important or worthwhile to one person may not be to another and may be more so to someone else.

Also Read: How to Improve your Reading Speed?

Assert yourself

Direct, assertive expression makes improve your communication skill and can help boost self-esteem and decision-making. Being assertive means expressing your thoughts, feelings, and needs in an open and honest way, while standing up for yourself and respecting others. It does NOT mean being hostile, aggressive, or demanding. Effective communication is always about understanding the other person, not about winning an argument or forcing your opinions on others.

Use gestures.

These include gestures with your hands and face. Make your whole body talk. Use smaller gestures for individuals and small groups. Make your words, gestures, facial expressions and tone match. You can improve your communication skill by using open body language—arms uncrossed, standing with an open stance or sitting on the edge of your seat, and maintaining eye contact with the person you’re talking to.

Listen, Really Listen

The best thing you can do to improve your communication skill is to learn to really listen, to pay attention and let the other person talk without interrupting. It’s hard work, we know, but “A good conversation is a bunch of words elegantly connected with listening.” So pay attention to what’s being said around you, it’s your most important resource at the time of speaking to someone.

Slow Down Your Speaking Speed

Especially, if you’re at the early stages of learning. Learners are often told not to worry about the mistakes they’re making, however, it is easy to understand why you would like to make a good impression on your audience.
To overcome this difficulty, you may try slowing down your speaking speed.

Nobody will hold it against you if you speak more slowly and clearly. Great speakers do the same to get their message across. Selecting your words carefully may also be seen as a sign of respect towards your audience. It shows that you want to give them the best possible answer.

Learn Sentences, Not Only Words

When you learn a new word, try to memorize a couple of sentences that contain it. There might come a time when you can use one particular sentence with little, or no alteration at all. Unfortunately, many people learn words by heart, but have no idea how to use them in a sentence.

Make eye contact.

Whether you are speaking or listening, looking into the eyes of the person with whom you are conversing can make the interaction more successful. Eye contact conveys interest and encourages your partner to be interested in you in return.

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Be aware of what your body is saying.

Body language can say so much more than a mouthful of words. An open stance with arms relaxed at your sides tells anyone around you that you are approachable and open to hearing what they have to say.

Pronounce your words correctly.

People will judge your competency through your vocabulary. If you aren’t sure of how to say a word, don’t use it. improve your communication skill by reading new words in daily routine. Look in the dictionary to help you learn how to pronounce a new word.

Request Feedback

Ask for input and feedback. This not only confirms that you have successfully communicated; it also makes the other person feel that they have been heard and understood. Get it from your receiver to ensure you were properly understood during your conversation.

Practice, Practice, Practice

Practice is undeniably the best way to learn and improve. Writing is one way of practicing language; it may help you get used to and reflect on the ways English operates, which, in turn, might prove to be useful when speaking. Speaking, on the other hand, is a much more spontaneous process and nothing prepares you for it better than actually doing it. So, find people you can practise with. New skills take time to refine, but each time you improve your communication skill, you open yourself to opportunities and future partnerships.

Must Read: Beginners’ Strategy for IAS Preparation

Today in History – 15 February

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Mirza “”Galib”” Asad Ullah Beg Khan, famous Urdu poet and writer, passed away.

1915

In Singapore on this day in 1915, Indian soldiers launch the first large-scale mutiny of World War I.

Some 800 soldiers in the Indian army’s 5th Light Infantry Brigade broke out of their barracks on the afternoon of February 15 and killed several British officers before moving on to other areas of the city. By the time the revolt was quashed, several days later, by British, French and Russian troops, the mutineers had killed 39 Europeans—both soldiers and civilians. British soldiers executed 37 of the mutiny’s ringleaders by gunfire.

1936

Nabin Chandra Bardoloi, freedom fighter, passed away. He was known for his patriotism and zeal for constructive work and was a forceful and emotional orator and debater and an eminent writer in Assamese litrature. He was also a musician and composed good number of patriotic poems and songs.

1942

Singapore, the “Gibraltar of the East” and a strategic British stronghold, falls to Japanese forces.

An island city and the capital of the Straits Settlement of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore had been a British colony since the 19th century. In July 1941, when Japanese troops occupied French Indochina, the Japanese telegraphed their intentions to transfer Singapore from the British to its own burgeoning empire. Sure enough, on the eve of the Pearl Harbor attack, 24,000 Japanese troops were transported from Indochina to the Malay Peninsula, and Japanese fighter pilots attacked Singapore, killing 61 civilians from the air.

1945

Indian troops capture Pagan at Burma. (World War II)

1948

Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, famous Hindi poet, political agitator, critic and freedom fighter, passed away near Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, in an automobile accident.

Some of her famous poems are – Koyal, Ye Kadamb ka ped, Jhansi Ki Rani, Veeron Ka Kaisa Ho Vasant, Mera Naya Bachpan, Paani aur Dhoop, Thukra Do Ya Pyar Karo etc.

1950

The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China, the two largest communist nations in the world, announce the signing of a mutual defense and assistance treaty. (Cold War)

1965

Canada adopted new maple leaf flag.

1976

The Division of Publication & Information was established in I.C.M.R. Headquarters.

1976

The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) was established at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

1992

Kesri Publications started the first Indian newspaper in `Brail’ lipi.

How to Utilise Time Effectively

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time utilization

Time is like money. If you know how to use it, you can create a productive and profitable working environment. If you don’t, you can spend your working life always being busy, but not getting the important things done.

“Don’t say you don’t have enough time. You have exactly the same number of hours per day that were given to Helen Keller, Pasteur, Michelangelo, Mother Teresa, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein.”

Take the first 30 minutes of every day to plan your day. Don’t start your day until you complete your time plan. The most important time of your day is the time you schedule to schedule time.

Some ways in which time can be utilised effectively are:

Complete most important tasks first.

This is the golden rule of time management. Each day, identify the two or three tasks that are the most crucial to complete, and do those first. Once you’re done, the day has already been a success. You can move on to other things, or you can let them wait until tomorrow. You’ve finished the essential.

Also Read: How to Improve your Reading Speed?

Keeping a to-do List

Carry a pen and paper or organizer wherever you go. A daily list of tasks that need to be done is an essential part of action planning. Update your list daily, crossing off completed tasks and adding new tasks that need to be done. You have a record of what you’ve done, so you always have something to work on.

Prioritising

It’s important to list the tasks you have and to sort these in order of priority, and then to devote most time to the most important tasks. When you know where you want to go, you can manage your priorities, time, and resources to get there. This avoids the natural tendency to concentrate on the simple, easy tasks and to allow too many interruptions to your work.

Set Personal Goals

Setting personal goals is essential to manage your time well, because goals give you a destination and vision to work towards. Goals also help you decide what’s worth spending your time on, and what’s just a distraction.

Must Read: How to Perform Your Best on Exam Day

Commit to your plan

Don’t flake on your own plan to do something! Be resolute. Be committed. Be professional about it, and follow through.

Organising your time

Identify areas of your life where you are wasting time and try to reduce these. Develop a regular work routine. Keep your work space tidy so that you can work efficiently – it’s hard to do this if things you need to find are buried under a pile of paper! Work to schedule so that you meet deadlines – don’t leave everything until the last minute.

Enjoyment should always be the goal. Work can be play

The goal should be to arrange your commitments in a way that you’re happy living out the details of your daily life, even while you’re working.

Sleep at least 7-8 hours

Most people need 7-8 hours of sleep for their bodies and minds to function optimally. You know if you’re getting enough. Listen to your body, and don’t underestimate the value of sleep.

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