An economy is a system for allocating resources to meet people’s needs and wants. It determines how goods and services are made and exchanged. The study of the economy is called economics and a person who studies economics is called an economist.
A good economy is generally one where there are lots of good-paying jobs, businesses are making money, and the overall economy of the country is growing. A bad economy is one where people are losing their jobs, businesses are shutting down, and the overall economy isn’t growing.
Must Read: Elements of Economic
Economics is often divided up into Macroeconomics and Microeconomics.
Microeconomics
Microeconomics studies how individuals and businesses make decisions within the economy. Examples of micro economics include:
- Why someone chooses to buy one product over another
- How the supply and demand of products work together
- What price a company charges for its product
- Why different jobs make different amounts of money
Have a Look at: An Open Economy
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics looks at a bigger picture than micro economics. It looks at the economy as a whole and not individuals or small businesses. Examples of macroeconomics include:
- The Gross National Product of a country
- Unemployment rates
- Net imports and exports for a country and how this affects jobs
- The current rate of inflation
Also Read: Method of Measuring National Income
Goods and Services
Two important terms in an economy are goods and services. Goods are physical objects that are bought and sold. They include things like cars, food, and clothes. Services are actions that one person pays another to do for them. Services include things like medical care, teaching, fire-fighting, and baby-sitting.
Read More: The Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Types of Economies
- Traditional – A traditional economy is typically based on bartering, trading, and farming. The economy is largely determined by how things have been done in the past with little change. People in traditional economies tend to do the same jobs as their parents.
- Market – A market economy (sometimes called a “free market”) is one based on supply and demand. Consumers are free to buy whatever product they want. Companies can make whatever product they want. There is little government intervention allowing the economy to sort itself out through competition.
- Command or Planned – A command economy is one where the government closely controls the economy. The government determines what goods are manufactured, the price they will be sold, and who gets the profits. The government owns many of the major industries.
- Mixed – A mixed economy is a combination of a market and a command economy. Some industries are owned and controlled by the government, while other industries are allowed to be determined by the market. Mixed economies vary in how much control and regulations the government has.
The United States, like most countries today, is a mixed economy. The government controls some industries and places regulations on other industries, but much of the economy is allowed to run as a free market.
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