Viceroy Lord Irwin meets Mahatma Gandhi for the first time.
1933
Surya Sen Masterda, revolutionary freedom fighter, who attacked the Armoury of Chittagong with 62 men of the Indian Republican Army and was underground on Jalalabad Hills, was arrested.
1944
Dadasaheb Phalke passed away in Nasik at the age of 74. He is remembered as the ‘Father of Indian Cinema’. He produced India’s first feature Film, ‘Raja Harishchandra’. He was Director, Producer, Writer, Editor & Laboratorian. Dada Saheb Phalke Award issued by Government of India is given in his memory.
He was born on 30 April 1870 and breathed his last on 16 February 1944 at the age of 74 years. In his career of 19 years, he made 95 full-length movies and 26 short movies.
1980
The first visible Total Solar Eclipse of the 20th Century was seen. This succeeded the total solar eclipse after 22 June 1898.
The Right to Information Act, 2005, mentions that every State Government is to constitute a body to be known as the Information Commission to exercise the powers conferred on, and to perform the functions as-signed to it under the RTI Act.
Appointment
The State Chief Information Commissioner and the State Information Commissioners are to be appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a committee consisting of –
Composition
The State Chief Information Commissioner.
The State Information Commissioners who should not be more than 10 number.
Headquarter of State Information Commission is to be at such place in the State which the State Government may specify or the State Information Commission may with the previous approval of the State Government establish offices at other places in state-
The Chief Minister, who shall be the chairperson of the committee.
The leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly.
A Cabinet Minister to be nominated by the Chief Minister.
The State Chief Information Commissioner is to supervise and manage the affairs of the State Information Commission and is to be assisted by the State Information Commissioners.
Qualification and Terms of office and Conditions of service
The State Chief Information Commissioner and the State Information Commissioners are to be persons of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in Law,
Science and Technology, Social Service, Management, Journalism, Mass Media or Administration and Governance.
The State Chief Information Commissioner or a State Information Commissioner are not to be a member of Parliament or member of State Legislative Assembly of any State or UT of hold any other office of profit or connected with any political party or carrying on any business or pursuing any profession.
The State Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners are to hold office for five years or upto 65 years of age.
The State Chief Information Commissioner and State Information Commissioner are required to take oath before the Governor of the State.
The salaries and allowances payable to and other terms and conditions of service of the
State Chief Information Commissioner is to be same as that of an Election Commissioner and of the State Information Commissioners same as that of the Chief Secretary to the State Government.
The State Chief Information Commissioner or a State Information Commissioner may resign from his office by writing under his address to the Governor and can be removed from his office by the order of the Governor on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity after the Supreme Court, on a reference made to it by the Governor has on inquiry, reported that the grounds are valid.
Powers and Functions of the Information Commissions
The Central Information Commission or State Information Commission are empowered to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person who could not get information from any public authority due to the reason of no appointment of PIO in that organisation.
If the made request by any person for Information has been turned down by the public authority.
If the information seeker could not get information within the time limit specified under RTI.
If the demanded fee by the public authority for providing information is unreasonably high.
If the information seeker thinks that he or she has been given incomplete, misleading or false information.
In respect of any other matter relating to requesting or obtainng access to records under this Act.
The Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer as the case may be is to be provided a reasonable opportunity of being heard before any penalty is imposed on him.
Burden of proving shall be upon the Information Officers.
No suit is to be laid against any person for anything done in good faith.
The provision of this Act are to have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in the Official Secrets Act, 1923.
The Right to Information Act has been continously used by the active and aware member of Civil Society to expose corrupt practices in the administration and misappropriation of funds sanctioned for the execution of public welfare schemes.
Mrs. Aruna Roy, a social activist and winner of Magsaysay Award is actively associated with the task of popularising Right to Information Act among the common people of the country.
Arvind Kejriwal, won the Magaseysay Award for popularising Right to Information Act among the masses.
Motivation for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Integration
Physical Layers of Integration
Qubit Control Electronics
Classical Measurement and Readout Chains
FPGA-Based Quantum Control
Cryogenic CMOS for Quantum Systems
Real-Time Feedback and Quantum Control Loops
Pulse Shaping and Waveform Generation
Classical-Quantum Interfaces and Protocols
Latency and Timing Synchronization
Machine Learning for Quantum System Calibration
Error Detection and Classical Processing
Quantum-Classical Co-Design Architectures
Classical Memory and Data Storage
Scalable Wiring and Fan-Out Challenges
Room-Temperature vs Cryogenic Integration
Applications in NISQ Devices and Hybrid Algorithms
Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion
1. Introduction
As quantum computing evolves from isolated laboratory experiments to engineered platforms, integrating qubits with classical control systems becomes essential. This integration spans hardware, software, and architectural layers.
2. Motivation for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Integration
Most quantum computers require classical systems for:
Qubit initialization and measurement
Pulse generation and control
Feedback and error correction
Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms (e.g., VQE)
3. Physical Layers of Integration
The integration includes:
Physical wiring (microwave, DC, RF lines)
Hardware electronics (AWGs, digitizers)
Signal processing and feedback logic
Software control layers (Python, C++, QASM)
4. Qubit Control Electronics
Precise control of qubits demands:
Arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs)
IQ mixers and DACs
High-fidelity analog signal chains These components synthesize control pulses and modulate qubit states.
Digital demodulation Used in feedback loops, active reset, and error syndrome decoding.
7. Cryogenic CMOS for Quantum Systems
Integrating CMOS circuits at cryogenic temperatures (~4 K or below) reduces cabling complexity. Cryo-CMOS supports:
Local control near qubits
Multiplexing and switching
Compact packaging
8. Real-Time Feedback and Quantum Control Loops
Fast feedback loops correct errors or adjust parameters on-the-fly. Applications include:
Active reset
Quantum error correction (QEC)
Adaptive quantum sensing
9. Pulse Shaping and Waveform Generation
Precise pulse shaping mitigates leakage, crosstalk, and decoherence. Classical systems design Gaussian, DRAG, and square pulses to optimize fidelity.
10. Classical-Quantum Interfaces and Protocols
These include:
USB/PCIe/Ethernet connections
Hardware description languages (HDL)
Software APIs and instruction sets (e.g., OpenQASM)
11. Latency and Timing Synchronization
Synchronization is critical for:
Multi-qubit gates
Entanglement generation
Cross-platform experiments Clock distribution, timing jitter, and digital triggering must be precisely managed.
12. Machine Learning for Quantum System Calibration
Classical ML models automate:
Pulse calibration
Crosstalk cancellation
Qubit frequency tuning Feedback from quantum measurements refines model performance.
13. Error Detection and Classical Processing
Error correction codes require:
Syndrome extraction
Decoding algorithms
Syndrome lookup and recovery logic Implemented in classical processors or FPGAs.
14. Quantum-Classical Co-Design Architectures
Joint design of quantum and classical subsystems improves:
Resource allocation
Fault tolerance
Power and latency optimization
15. Classical Memory and Data Storage
Classical storage systems retain:
Gate instructions and schedules
Calibration parameters
Quantum circuit execution history
16. Scalable Wiring and Fan-Out Challenges
With increasing qubit count, cabling becomes a bottleneck. Solutions include:
Multiplexing (frequency/time division)
Cryogenic switching
3D integration and chip stacking
17. Room-Temperature vs Cryogenic Integration
Tradeoffs include:
Latency vs accessibility
Power dissipation
Component performance Hybrid systems explore mixed-temperature architectures.
18. Applications in NISQ Devices and Hybrid Algorithms
Integration supports:
VQE and QAOA algorithms
Quantum-enhanced ML
Quantum sensors with classical postprocessing
19. Challenges and Future Directions
Reducing total latency
Improving coherence-preserving interfacing
Designing modular and reconfigurable hardware
Standardizing software stacks and interfaces
20. Conclusion
Integration of qubits with classical systems is vital for realizing practical quantum technologies. It bridges analog quantum dynamics with digital classical control, enabling robust, scalable, and versatile quantum computing platforms.
Mirza “”Galib”” Asad Ullah Beg Khan, famous Urdu poet and writer, passed away.
1915
In Singapore on this day in 1915, Indian soldiers launch the first large-scale mutiny of World War I.
Some 800 soldiers in the Indian army’s 5th Light Infantry Brigade broke out of their barracks on the afternoon of February 15 and killed several British officers before moving on to other areas of the city. By the time the revolt was quashed, several days later, by British, French and Russian troops, the mutineers had killed 39 Europeans—both soldiers and civilians. British soldiers executed 37 of the mutiny’s ringleaders by gunfire.
1936
Nabin Chandra Bardoloi, freedom fighter, passed away. He was known for his patriotism and zeal for constructive work and was a forceful and emotional orator and debater and an eminent writer in Assamese litrature. He was also a musician and composed good number of patriotic poems and songs.
1942
Singapore, the “Gibraltar of the East” and a strategic British stronghold, falls to Japanese forces.
An island city and the capital of the Straits Settlement of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore had been a British colony since the 19th century. In July 1941, when Japanese troops occupied French Indochina, the Japanese telegraphed their intentions to transfer Singapore from the British to its own burgeoning empire. Sure enough, on the eve of the Pearl Harbor attack, 24,000 Japanese troops were transported from Indochina to the Malay Peninsula, and Japanese fighter pilots attacked Singapore, killing 61 civilians from the air.
1945
Indian troops capture Pagan at Burma. (World War II)
1948
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, famous Hindi poet, political agitator, critic and freedom fighter, passed away near Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, in an automobile accident.
Some of her famous poems are – Koyal, Ye Kadamb ka ped, Jhansi Ki Rani, Veeron Ka Kaisa Ho Vasant, Mera Naya Bachpan, Paani aur Dhoop, Thukra Do Ya Pyar Karo etc.
1950
The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China, the two largest communist nations in the world, announce the signing of a mutual defense and assistance treaty. (Cold War)
1965
Canada adopted new maple leaf flag.
1976
The Division of Publication & Information was established in I.C.M.R. Headquarters.
1976
The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) was established at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
1992
Kesri Publications started the first Indian newspaper in `Brail’ lipi.
India’s links with Bangladesh are civilizational, cultural, social and economic. There is much that unites the two countries – a shared history and common heritage, linguistic and cultural passion for music, literature and the arts. With Bangladesh, India shares not only a common history of struggle for freedom and liberation but also enduring feelings of both fraternal as well as familial ties.
Though India played the great role in emergence of Independent Bangladesh, was one of the first country to recognize Bangladesh as separate state. However, there are several main issues such as illegal migration, insurgency, border, water disputes, and dispute over issue of Moore Island etc. These have been major issues which are impacted on these two countries relations.
The Liberation War of 1971, Bangladesh gained its independence and established relations with India. The political relationship between India and Bangladesh has passed through cycles of hiccups. Relations have improved significantly since Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s state visit to India, which sought to revive Indo-Bangladesh relations in the emerging Asian economic order.
Deaths of Bangladeshi citizens in the Indo-Bangladesh border became one of the embarrassments between the two nation’s bilateral relations in recent years. The so-called ‘shoot-to-kill’ policy by the India’s Border Security Forces (BSF) that according to Human Rights Watch killed nearly 1,000 Bangladeshis between 2001 and 2011 has remained at the core of the talks between Bangladeshi and Indian officials visiting each other.
The Bangladeshi deaths caused by BSF shootings at the border became subject to a so-called cyber war between the hackers of the two countries that took the websites of BSF, National Informatics Centre and Trinamool Congress as victims. The government of Bangladesh was found to comment on the issue condemning the cyber-attacks on Indian websites.
The two countries signed a major accord on border demarcation to end the 4-decade old disputes over boundaries.This came to be known as the tin bigha corridor. India also granted 24-hour access to Bangladeshi citizens in the Tin Bigha Corridor.
From November 2013, Wagah Border like ceremony is being organised at Petrapole (in West Bengal, India) – Benapole (Bangladesh) border checkpoint.The ceremony which includes parades, march-past and lowering of the national flag of both the countries is now a daily routine, at sundown, on the eastern border. The relations between the countries are definitely moving in positive direction.
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