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State Legislative Assemblies/ Councils – MLA and MLC

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All the States of India and some of Union Territories have legislative assemblies as their state legislature. Members of these legislative assemblies are elected by the voters of the state in the elections held in every five years on the basis of adult franchise votes.

Each Member of Legislative Assembly(MLA) represents his constituency in the state legislature. Any person above age 25, who can vote and become a member of parliament can also become an MLA.

Among Union territories, Delhi and Puducherry have got their Assemblies.

Member of Legislative Council – MLC

There are Seven States in India having a bicameral legislature. Upper house in these states is known as Vidhan Parishad or Legislative Council. Name of these states are as follows:

  1. Andhra Pradesh
  2. Bihar
  3. Jammu and Kashmir
  4. Karnataka
  5. Maharashtra
  6. Telangana
  7. Uttar Pradesh

Total strength of any legislative council cannot be less than 40 or more than one-third of the total strength of the Legislative Assembly of that State.

Members of Legislative Councils are elected for a six-year period and one-third members of the total strength of council retire in every second year. Any able Indian citizen with 30 years of age can become MLC.

legislative council composition

 

State Websites

You may click the following links to check official websites of all Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils in the country. Each website here also contains a list of Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and Legislative Council (MLCs).

Andhra Pradesh – aplegislature.org
Arunachal Pradesh – arunachalassembly.gov.in
Assam – assamassembly.gov.in
Bihar – vidhansabha.bih.nic.in
Chhattisgarh – cgvidhansabha.gov.in
Delhi – delhiassembly.nic.in
Goa – goavidhansabha.gov.in
Gujarat – gujaratassembly.gov.in
Haryana – haryanaassembly.gov.in
Himachal Pradesh – hpvidhansabha.nic.in
Jammu & Kashmir – legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in
Jharkhand – jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in
Karnataka – www.kla.kar.nic.in/
Kerala – niyamasabha.org
Madhya Pradesh – mpvidhansabha.nic.in
Maharashtra – mls.org.in
Manipur – manipurassembly.nic.in
Meghalaya – megassembly.gov.in
Mizoram – mizoram.nic.in
Nagaland – nagaland.nic.in
Odisha – ws.ori.nic.in
Punjab – legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in
Rajasthan – rajassembly.nic.in
Sikkim – sikkim.gov.in
Tamil Nadu – assembly.tn.gov.in
Tripura – tripura.gov.in
Uttarakhand –  uk.gov.in
Uttar Pradesh – uplegassembly.nic.in
West Bengal – wbassembly.gov.in

You May Also Like:

  • Legislative Relation Between Centre and State in India
  • Membership of State Legislature
  • Wavell Plan & Simla Conference

Bicameral Parliamentary System

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Syskool
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A bicameral parliamentary system is a system of two legislative Chambers. Indian system is bicameral because both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are involved in the process of making new laws. Bicameral literally means ‘two chambers’.

Countries with Bicameral Parliamentary System:

  1. Australia-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  2. Austria-Parliament–Federal Council–National Council
  3. Antigua and Barbuda-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  4. The Bahamas-Parliament–Senate–House of Assembly
  5. Barbados-Parliament–Senate–House of Assembly
  6. Belize–National Assembly–Senate–House of Representatives
  7. Belgium-Federal Parliament–Senate–Chamber of Representatives
  8. Bhutan-Parliament (Chitshog)–Bhutan will become a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy in 2008–National Council (Gyalyong Tshogde)– National Assembly (Gyalyong Tshogdu)
  9. Canada-Parliament–Senate–House of Commons
  10. Czech Republic-Parliament–Senate–Chamber of Deputies
  11. Ethiopia-Federal Parliamentary Assembly–House of Federation– House of People’s Representatives
  12. Germany–Bundesrat (Federal Council)–Bundestag (Federal Diet)
  13. Grenada-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  14. India-Parliament–Rajya Sabha (Council of States)–Lok Sabha (House of People)
  15. Ireland-Oireachtas–Seanad Éireann–Dáil Éireann
  16. Iraq-National Assembly–Council of Union [2]–Council of Representatives
  17. Italy-Parliament–Senate of the Republic–Chamber of Deputies
  18. Jamaica-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  19. Japan-Diet–House of Councillors–House of Representatives
  20. Malaysia-Parliament–Dewan Negara–Dewan Rakyat
  21. The Netherlands-States-General–Eerste Kamer–Tweede Kamer
  22. Pakistan-Majlis-e-Shoora–Senate–National Assembly
  23. Poland-Parliament–Senate–Sejm
  24. Romania-Parliament–Senate–Chamber of Deputies
  25. Saint Lucia-Parliament–Senate–House of Assembly
  26. Slovenia-Parliament–National Council–National Assembly
  27. South Africa-Parliament–National Council of Provinces–National Assembly
  28. Spain-Cortes Generales–Senate–Congress of Deputies
  29. Switzerland-Federal Assembly–Council of States–National Council
  30. Thailand-National Assembly [3]–Senate–House of Representatives
  31. Trinidad and Tobago-Parliament–Senate–House of Representatives
  32. United Kingdom-Parliament–House of Lords–House of Common

Also, Read:

Constitutional Development in India From Regulating Act 1773 to Govt. of India Act 1935

Borrowed Features of The Constitution

Unicameral Parliamentary System

Unicameral Parliamentary System

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Syskool
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Unicameral Parliamentary System

In government, unicameral is the practice of having one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Thus, a Unicameral Parliamentary System or unicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of one chamber or house. Unicameral Parliamentary System typically exist in small and homogeneous unitary states, where a second chamber is considered unnecessary.

Countries having Unicameral Parliamentary System

  1. Albania–Kuvendi
  2. Bangladesh–Jatiyo Sangshad
  3. Bulgaria–National Assembly
  4. Burkina Faso–National Assembly
  5. Croatia–Sabor
  6. Denmark–Folketing
  7. Dominica–House of Assembly
  8. Estonia–Riigikogu
  9. Finland–Eduskunta
  10. Greece–Hellenic Parliament
  11. Hungary–National Assembly
  12. Iceland–Althing
  13. Israel–Knesset
  14. Kurdistan Region–Kurdistan National Assembly
  15. Latvia–Saeima
  16. Lithuania–Seimas
  17. Malta–House of Representatives
  18. Moldova–Parliament
  19. Mongolia–State Great Khural
  20. Montenegro–Parliament
  21. New Zealand–Parliament
  22. Norway*–Storting
  23. Palestinian Authority–Parliament
  24. Papua New Guinea–National Parliament
  25. Portugal–Assembly of the Republic
  26. Saint Kitts and Nevis–National Assembly
  27. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–House of Assembly
  28. Samoa–Fono
  29. Serbia–National Assembly
  30. Singapore–Parliament
  31. Slovakia–National Council
  32. Sweden–Riksdag
  33. Turkey–Grand National Assembly
  34. Ukraine–Verhovna Rada
  35. Vanuatu–Parliament

Also, Read:

Bicameral Parliamentary System

Government of India

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

Fundamental Rights to Indian Citizens

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Syskool
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Supreme Court as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights
The Constitution guarantees elaborate Fundamental Rights to Indian citizens, These are contained in Part III of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights to Indian Citizens embodied in the Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will lead their lives in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. These civil liberties take precedence over any other law of the land. They include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights such as habeas corpus.
In addition, the Fundamental Rights to Indian Citizens are aimed at overturning the inequities of past social practices. They have also been used to in successfully abolishing the “untouchability“; prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth; and forbid trafficking in human beings and also the forced labor. They go beyond conventional civil liberties in protecting cultural and educational rights of minorities by ensuring that minorities may preserve their distinctive languages and establish and administer their own education institutions.
Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights; however, the Forty-fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that “No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.” Freedom of speech and expression, generally interpreted to include freedom of the press, can be limited “in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence”

Fundamental Rights to Indian Citizens

Right to Equality

  • Article 14: Equality before law and equal protection of law
  • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
  • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
  • Article 17: End of untouchability
  • Article 18: Abolition of titles, Military, and academic distinctions are, however, exempted

Right to Freedom

  • Article 19: It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:-
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Freedom of Assembly
Freedom of form Associations
Freedom of Movement
Freedom of Residence and Settlement
Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness
  • Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences
  • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
  • Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

Right Against Exploitation

  • Article 23: Traffic in human beings prohibited
  • Article 24: No child below the age of 14 can be employed

Right to freedom of Religion

  • Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
  • Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs
  • Article 27: Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
  • Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions

Don’t Miss: The Fundamental Duties

Cultural and Educational Rights

  • Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities
  • Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
  • Article 31: Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act

Right to Constitutional Remedies

  • Article 32: The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar)

Forms of Writ check

Habeas Corpus: Equality before law and equal protection of law
Must Read:

Human Rights – UN Declaration & Indian Constitution

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Syskool
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human rights

United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity. – Article 1

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, nation, property, birth or other status. – Article 2

Everyone has the right to life liberty and security of person. – Article 3

Slavery and slave trade is prohibited. – Article 4

No one shall be subject to torture. – Article 5

All are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection of law. – Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. – Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of law. Article 8

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. – Article 9

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing. – Article 10

Everyone has right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty. – Article 11

Everyone has right to protection of law against arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. – Article 12

Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within border and has the right to leave any country, including his own. – Article 13

Everyone has the right to a nationality. – Article 15

Everyone has freedom of thought, conscience and religion. – Article 18

Everyone has right to work. – Article 23

Everyone has the right to education. – Article 26

Read more: United Nations (UN) and its Principal Organs

Indian Constitution and Human Rights

Articles 13 declares that all laws in so far they are inconsistent with the Fundamental Rights, be void, to the extent of inconsistency, and further the State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges these rights and any law made in contravention, shall be void.

Article 14 secures equality before law to all persons.

Article 15 prohibits discrimination among the citizens on the ground of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article 16 ensures equal opportunity to them in the matters of public employment.

Article 19 assures freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peacefully and without arms, to form association and unions; to move freely throughout the territory of India; to reside and settle in any part of the country, trade and business etc.

Article 21guarantees equal protection of the law and prohibits deprivation of life and personal liberty.

Article 23 prohibits traffic of human beings and forced labour.

Article 24 prohibits child labour.

Article 25-30 assures freedom of conscience and right to manage religious institutions; as well as makes provisions for protection of the minorities and their places of worship and educational institutions.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) provides for a lot of social and economic benefits for the citizens to be attained in future.

Also, there are several laws like Protection of Civil Rights Act, Employees State Insurance Acts, the Dowry Prohibition Act, The Workmen Compensation Act, The Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act, The Minimum Wage Act, Environmental Protection Act, and many more other are there to ensure human rights of citizens.

You may also like reading

Fundamental Rights – Detailed Analysis Part I

Fundamental Rights – Detailed Analysis Part 2

 

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